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RUSVM Histology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Long day breeders

A

Horses breed when days are longer

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2
Q

Pinealocytes produce___ in response to____

A

Melatonin; stimuli detected in the retina (darkness)

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3
Q

Pars Intermedia cells secrete…

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) - acts on melanocytes in epidermis

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4
Q

Characteristics of Endocrine glands

A

Epithelial in origin
Ductless
Highly vascular
Mediated by hormones

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5
Q

Gonadotropic cells secrete…

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) - act on testes and ovaries (gonads)

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6
Q

2 ways hypothalamus controls distant cells via hormones

A
  1. Production of releasing hormones - released into “portal system” to target cells in adenohypophysis
  2. Hormones transported and stored in neurohypophysis, then released into blood (AHD, oxytocin)
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7
Q

Where do most hormones bind?

A

receptors on cell surface

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8
Q

Components of the Thyroid gland

A

Follicles, “C” cells (clear cells/parafollicular cells)

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9
Q

Pars Distalis acidophils

A

somatotropes (growth hormone)

mammotropes (lacticotropes - prolactin)

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10
Q

Zones of the adrenal cortex (3)

A
  1. Glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  2. Fasciculata - glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  3. Reticularis - weak androgens (note: lipid vacuoles and vascularity)
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11
Q

2 hormones produced by the kidneys

A
  1. Renin

2. Erythropoietin

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12
Q

What does the Parathyroid Gland do?

A

Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) into capillaries in response to low blood Ca levels

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13
Q

Importance of melatonin

A

Time of day/time of year “clock and calendar” for seasonal reproduction. Also an antioxidant with immune enhancing and oncostatic properties.

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14
Q

Short day breeders

A

Sheep, goats, deer, elk breed when days are shorter

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15
Q

3 parts of adenohypophysis (AP)

A
  1. Pars distalis - largest section, secretes majority of hormones
  2. Pars intermedia - source of melanocyte-stimulating hormone
  3. Pars tuberalis
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16
Q

Endocrine cells in small intestine secrete…

A

Secretin and Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide

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17
Q

Function of Epiphysis (Pineal Gland)

A

Regulate daily rhythms of bodily activity

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18
Q

Origins of pituitary gland (2)

A

adeno - epithelial (from roof of pharynx)

neuro - neuroectodermal (from diencephalon)

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19
Q

Mammotropic cells secrete…

A

Prolactin (PRL) - acts on mammary glands and testes

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Links nervous and endocrine systems via the pituitary gland/hypophysis

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21
Q

Enteroendocrine cells in epithelium mucosae of small intestine secrete…

A

cholecystokinin (CCK) for gall bladder contraction

22
Q

What does Calcitonin do?

A

Targets bone and kidney to lower blood Ca level. Decreases osteoclast activity, decreases renal Ca resorption.

23
Q

What do “C” (parafollicular) cells in the thyroid do?

A

Secrete Calcitonin in response to high blood calcium

24
Q

Thyrotropic cells secrete…

A

TSH - acts on thyroid gland

25
Q

Herring bodies

A

Swellings along axons in the infundibulum and pars nervosa. Where hormones accumulate - storage for ADH and oxytocin

26
Q

Renin

A

Produced by juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney. Part of RAAS pathway. Control of BP.

27
Q

Pyloric region of the stomach secretes…

A

Gastrin

28
Q

Somatotropic cells secrete…

A

GH - acts on all tissues, esp bone, muscle and adipose

29
Q

What kind of response do hormones produce?

A

slow and sustained

30
Q

Chain of events in adenohypophysis function

A
  1. Hypothalamus produces releasing hormones
  2. Hormones travel to AP pars distalis where they stimulate acidophils or basophils to produce another hormone
  3. 2nd hormone travels to target organ, where a 3rd hormone is produced.
  4. 3rd hormone causes effect
31
Q

What do follicles in the thyroid do?

A

Lining cells produce thyroglobulin and store it in the lumen in a substance called “colloid”.
Lining cells endocytose thyroglobulin from the colloid and convert it to active T3/T4 (thyroxine).

32
Q

Where do steroids bind?

A

Pass through plasma membrane and bind to nucleus

33
Q

5 Primary Endocrine Organs (glands)

A
  1. Pituitary (hypophysis)
  2. Pineal (epiphysis)
  3. Thyroid
  4. Parathyroid
  5. Adrenals
    * Ultimobranchial bodies in birds
34
Q

3 parts of neurohypophysis (PP)

A
  1. Pars nervosa (pars posterior)
  2. Infundibular stalk (infundibulum)
  3. Eminentia mediana - small attachment between hypophysis and infundibulum
35
Q

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

A

Increases Ca level in blood by targeting bone and kidney. Stimulates osteoclasts to promote bone resorption, increase Ca resorption in kidneys.

36
Q

“Endocrine”

A

Endo - secretes internally (into bloodstream). Ductless gland system.

37
Q

3 types of hormones involved in endocrine system

A
  1. Proteins (insulin), glycoproteins (LH, FSH, TSH), polypeptides (oxytocin, prolactin)
  2. Amino acids (T3, T4), catecholamines (epi and norepi)
  3. Steroids: testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, aldosterone
38
Q

Corticotropic cells secrete…

A

ACTH - acts on adrenal cortex

39
Q

“Pineal Gland” =

A

Epiphysis Cerebri “pine cone”

40
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Cytokine for RBC precursors. Controls erythropoiesis (production of RBCs).

41
Q

Pars Distalis basophils

A

Thyrotropes (thyrotropin)
Gonadotropes (follicle stimulating hormone)
Gonadotropes (luteinizing hormone)
Adrenocorticotropes (ACTH)

42
Q

2 parts of the Adrenal Gland

A
  1. Cortex - from mesoderm - secretes corticosteroids

2. Medulla - from neural crest - secretes catecholamines

43
Q

Islets of Langerhan

A

Alpha - glucagon, CCK, GIP
Beta - insulin, IAPP
Delta - somatostatin
Other - gastrin

44
Q

Functions of the Endocrine System

A

Growth and development
Internal environment
Energy production/storage/utilization
Reproduction

45
Q

What the hell is Corpora arenacea?

A

“brain sand”. Calcified structures in the pineal gland. Older organisms have more.

46
Q

Atrial myocardial cells secrete…

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP). Promotes Na+ and H2O loss - decreases BP. Targets distal convoluted tubules of kidneys.

47
Q

What does the medulla of the adrenal gland secrete?

A

Chromaffin cells secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are stored in secretory granules

48
Q

Secretory cells of the Epiphysis

A

Pinealocytes

49
Q

2 parts of Pituitary Gland

A

PP - posterior pituitary - neurohypophysis

AP - anterior pituitary - adenohypophysis (requires releasing hormone from hypothalamus)

50
Q

What regulates the synthesis, iodination, and proteolysis of thyroglobulin?

A

TSH

RUSVM Histology (6 decks)

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