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Physical Agents > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of the Epidermis

A
  • Tough, leathery outer surface of skin
  • .05-.15 mm in thickness (up to 1.4 in thick skin)
  • 5 layers
  • Fairly avascular
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2
Q

how often does the epidermis regenerate?

A

every 14-21 days

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3
Q

Cell components of the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, Eosinophils, Melanocytes, Lymphocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel and Basal Cells

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4
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A
  • Stratum Basale
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Lucidum
  • Stratum Corneum
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5
Q

Stratum Basale

A
  • Single row of keratinocytes (produce keratin)
  • Deepest layer
  • Attached to dermis via basement membrane (extra-cellular) and basal cells
  • Diffusion through the basement membrane is how the epidermis receives its nutrition
  • Concentration of Merkel cells
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6
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A
  • Several rows of mature, slightly flattened keratinocytes called tonofibrils
  • Melanocytes appear between stratum basale and stratum spinosum
  • Appear “spiny” due to kearatin filaments
  • Where most Langerhans cells are found
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7
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A
  • 3-5 rows of flattened cells
  • increased keratin concentration
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8
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A
  • Few layers of flattened cells, densely packed
  • Mostly flattened eosinophils
  • Dead keratinocytes
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9
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • Outermost layer
  • 15-20 cells thick (dead keratinized cells)
  • 3/4 of the thickness of epidermis
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10
Q

Melanocytes

A

produce the pigment melanin

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11
Q

Merkle Cells

A

specialized mechanoreceptors for light touch

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12
Q

Langerhan’s Cells

A
  • found in deeper layers
  • help to fight infection
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13
Q

What do keratinocyte (living and dead) provide?

A

mechanical strength

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14
Q

Non-cellular components of the epidermis

A

a. Basement membrane – binds dermis to epidermis
b. Desmosomes – between epithelial cells; bond them together
c. Hemidesmosomes – bind basal cells to basement membrane
d. Tonofibrils – protects skin from friction and pressure
e. Hair follicles
f. Sudoriferous Glands

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15
Q

What are Sudoriferous Glands

A
  • Present everywhere except the lips and ears
  • Secrete sweat in to ducts
  • Helps to decrease the growth of bacteria
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16
Q

Characteristics of the Dermis

A

2-4 mm thick
layers are less defined than in epidermis

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17
Q

Papillary Dermis

A
  • Superficial layer
  • Contain FIBROBLASTS, mast cells and macrophages
  • Loosely woven fibers with ground substance
  • Ridges and valleys conform to the contours of the
    __________________ layer of the epidermis and
    creates an anchor
  • Where blisters occur
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18
Q

Reticular Dermis

A
  • Dense, irregular CT
  • Primarily type I collagen
  • Has elastin fibers
  • Location of nerve endings, glands and hair follicle plexus
  • Deepest layer
  • Gives structural support
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19
Q

Cell Types in the Dermis

A

Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Mast Cells

20
Q

Fibroblasts in Dermis

A

Produce blank and blank fibers

21
Q

Macrophages in the Dermis

A

Fight infection by releasing destructive enzymes

22
Q

Mast Cells in the Dermis

A
  • Secretory cells
  • Produce ____________ which is important in initiating an inflammatory response
23
Q

Non-Cellular Components in the Dermis

A
  • Root hair plexus
  • Each hair has a sebaceous gland that secretes sebum
  • Ruffini Corpuscles
  • Meissner and Pacinian Corpuscles
24
Q

Root Hair Plexus

A
  • Soft keratin
  • Found everywhere except ___________ &
    ____________
  • Help regulate body temperature by trapping air between
    hair and skin surface
25
Q

Ruffini Corpuscles

A

detect deep touch/pressure and vibration

26
Q

Meissner and Pacinian Corpuscles

A

More tactile corpuscles

27
Q

2 Components of Subcutaneous Tissue/Hypodermis

A

Adipose tissue
Fascia

28
Q

Adipose Tissue

A
  • Highly vascular loose connective tissue
  • Stores fat to provide energy, cushion bones and provide insulation
29
Q

Fascia

A
  • Highly fibrous connective tissue
  • Lymph vessels located at this level
30
Q

Vascular Supply

A
  • Arterioles and venules are in the reticular layer and terminate into
    the papillary layer as capillary loops.
  • Lymphatic terminal vessels are interspaced between the capillary
    loops
31
Q

What occurs when nerves cross the dermal/epidermal junction?

A

They lose Schwann cells and become free nerve endings

32
Q

Integument Functions

A
  • Provide protection from the environment
  • Provide sensation (free nerve ending, Merkel cells, Meissner corpuscle, Pacinian corpuscle, Krause bulb, Ruffini corpuscle, root hair plexus
  • Prevent fluid loss – hygroscopy
  • Contribute to immunity (Langerhans cells)
  • Thermoregulation
  • Protection from UV rays
  • Synthesis and storage of vitamin D
33
Q

Erosion/ Superficial Lesion

A
  • Abrasion
  • wound only involves the epidermis
34
Q

Partial Thickness Skin Involvement

A
  • Wound involves the entire epidermis and part of the dermal layer
  • Will bleed d/t microvascular compromise
  • Stage II pressure ulcer; skin tears; deeper abrasions, superficial and
    partial thickness burns
  • Forms scar to heal
35
Q

Full Thickness Skin Involvement

A
  • Wound through epidermis and entire dermis; may also include fascia
    or other deep tissues (tendon, bone etc.)
  • Stage III & IV pressure ulcers, full thickness burns, traumatic wounds, surgical wounds
  • Repair occurs primarily through secondary intention (see below)
36
Q

Suspected Deep Tissue Injury

A
  • Purple or maroon areas of intact skin or blood-filled blisters caused by damage to the underlying soft tissues.
  • Represent a serious form of pressure wound
  • Deep tissue injuries are also known to deteriorate quickly even under optimal care
37
Q

Types of Wound Healing/ Healing Response

A

Category 1/ Primary Intention
Category 2/ Delayed Primary Intention
Category 3/ Secondary Intention
Category 4

38
Q

Inflammation/Inflammatory Stage =

A

Hemostasis
Inflammation

39
Q

Proliferation =

A
  • Angiogenesis
  • Fibroplasia
  • Matrix Deposition
  • Re-epithelialization
40
Q

Maturation =

A

Maturation
Remodeling

41
Q

Hemostasis (clot formation)

A
42
Q

Inflammation

A
43
Q

Angiogenesis

A
44
Q

Fibroplasia

A
45
Q

Matrix Deposit

A
46
Q

Re-Epithelialization

A
47
Q

Maturation Phase

A

Physical Agents (11 decks)

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