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Histology Pt. 2 > Integuement > Flashcards

Integuement Flashcards

1
Q

What the hell is integuement?

A

Epidermis + dermis + hypodermis.

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2
Q

Name the layers of the skin, from basal layer to apical layer.

A

Hypodermis Dermis -reticular (deep) dermis -papillary layer Epidermis -stratum basale (germinativum) -stratum spinosum -stratum granulosum -stratum lucidum -stratum corneum

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3
Q

What are dermal papillae?

A

Finger-like projections that aid in the attachment of the epidermis to the dermis.

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4
Q

Which layer in the integuement can adipose tissue be found?

A

Hypodermis (subcutis)

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5
Q

What cell type (squamous, cuboidal, etc.) are found in the stratum basale (Germinativum) of the epidermis?

A

Single layer of cuboidal cells.

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6
Q

Which layer is the thickest living layer of the epidermis? What do the cells in this layer look like histologically?

A

Stratum spinosum. They look spiny because the during fixation the cell bodies retract but the desmosomes persist.

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7
Q

What is characteristic of the cells in the stratum granulosum layer of the epidermis?

A

2-3 layers of flattened squamous epithelial cells with coarse basophilic granules in the cytoplasm (keratin granules)

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8
Q

What are filaggrin and loracrin? In which cell layer are they found?

A

They are proteins found in stratum granulosum cells. Filaggrin assembles tonofilaments into tonofibrils, and loracrin forms a dense layer just deep to the plasma membrane which thickens and stiffens the outer surface of the cell.

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9
Q

What are the histologic characteristics of the stratum lucidum layer of the epidermis?

A

It is a very thin, translucent layer that is only seen in some preparations. Some people think it is an artifact. It isn’t easy to spot.

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10
Q

What are the cells in the stratum corneum packed with?

A

Tonofibrils.

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11
Q

What can be found in the papillary layer of the dermis?

A

Blood vessels, sensory receptors.

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12
Q

What does adnexa mean?

A

Appendages of an organ.

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of secretion by the eccrine sweat glands? How do they stain? Why?

A

Merocrine secretion. They stain dark because they pump Na+ in and out of the lumen and require numerous mitochondria to power this.

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14
Q

How do the sebaceous glands stain?

A

Not well. They look like empty bubbles due to the oily sebum.

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15
Q

Where are sebaceous glands located?

A

Usually are ~halfway up a hair follicle.

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16
Q

What shape are eccrine sweat glands?

A

Simple, coiled tubular.

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17
Q

What shape are sebaceous glands? What is the mechanism of secretion?

A

Acinar with a short duct into the hair follicle. Holocrine mechanism.

18
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands located and why are they larger than the eccrine sweat glands?

A

Limited distribution to the axilla, groin, eyelid and are most often associated with a hair follicle. They store their product so they are larger than the eccrine glands. They have a large lumen.

19
Q

Where do hair follicles originate?

A

Deep in the dermis, sometimes in the hypodermis.

20
Q

What are the four different regions of hair follicles?

A

Apical surface: Infundibulum Isthmus (between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle) Bulb Dermal papilla

21
Q

What are the non-encapsulated sensory endings in the skin?

A
  1. Free nerve endings 2. Merkel cells
22
Q

What is the most abundant sensory organ in the skin?

A

Free nerve endings.

23
Q

In what layer of integuement do free nerve endings lose their Schwann cell covering?

A

Once they pass through the basal lamina.

24
Q

What do free nerve endings sense?

A

Temperature, pain, pressure (note: these are the only nerve endings that can sense temp and pain)

25
Q

What are Merkel cells? Where are they located?

A

Specialized neuroendocrine cells that are associated with free nerve endings that detect light touch and constant touch. Found in stratum basale.

26
Q

Name the two types of encapsulated sensory endings.

A

Pacinian corpuscles and Meissner corpuscles

27
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscles found? What do they look like? What do they detect?

A

Found throughout the dermis and hypodermis (they are deep). They are round structures with many concnetric layers of modified Schwann cells. They detect vibrations.

28
Q

Where are Miessner corpuscles found? What do they detect?

A

Found just under the epidermis, typically within the dermal papillae. They are very sensitive and discriminatory (used in reading Braille).

29
Q

What type of CT is in the dermis?

A

Dense irregular

30
Q

What are Langerhans cells? How do they stain?

A

They are antigen presenting cells in the epidermis. They don’t stain well with H & E but do stain with immunochemistry Ag stains.

31
Q

What are melanocytes? Where are they located? What do they look like?

A

They are the cells in the stratum basale that provide pigmentation. They have dendritic extensions to help donate pigment in melanosomes to many surrounding keratinocytes.

32
Q

Which AA is used to make melanosomes? What cells do this?

A

Melanocytes make melanosomes out of tyrosine.

33
Q

What are lamellar granules? Which cells make them?

A

Membrane-bound (ER made) vesicles of lipid that are exocytosed from stratum granulosum cells to waterproof the skin.

34
Q

What are keratohyalin granules? Are they membrane bound? Which cells make them?

A

Granules of fillagrin and loracrin produced by the granulosum cells. Not membrane bound.

35
Q

What layer are hair follicles derived from?

A

Epidermis!

36
Q

What cells are eccrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands derived from?

A

Keratinocytes

37
Q

What is melanin synthesized from?

A

Tyrosine

38
Q

Which cells in the skin are “neural-crest derived?”

A

Melanocytes

39
Q

Name five epidermal derivatives of the skin.

A

Eccrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, nails.

40
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the secretory portion of eccrine sweat glands? Ductal?

A

Secretory: simple columnar

Ductal: stratified cuboidal

Histology Pt. 2 (6 decks)

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