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Histology Pt. 2 > Alimentary System I - Esophagus and Stomach > Flashcards

Alimentary System I - Esophagus and Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

Name the four layers of GI walls.

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Adventitia/serosa
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2
Q

Describe the composition of the mucosa layer.

A

3 layers

  1. Epithelium
  2. Loose CT called the lamina propria
  3. Smooth muscle layer called the muscularis mucosae
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3
Q

What type of tissue makes up the submucosa?

A

Loose or dense CT

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4
Q

What type of muscle is usually found in the muscularis externa of the esophagus? How is the muscle organized? What is the one exception?

A

Smooth muscle except in the upper third of the esophagus which is skeletal muscle, and the middle third is a mix of skeletal/smooth muscle. Organized into orthogonal layers for peristalsis.

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5
Q

Where does serosa occur?

A

Where the organ is covered with mesothelium.

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6
Q

What two organs does the esophagus connect?

A

The oropharynx to the stomach.

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7
Q

What is responsible for preventing acid reflux?

A

The esophogeal sphincter.

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8
Q

What cell type is found in the epithelium of the esophagus?

A

SSNKE.

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9
Q

Name the layers of the esophagus.

A

Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa (with serosa connected to mesothelium where the esophagus enters the stomach).

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10
Q

What glands are unique to the submucosa of the esophagus? What epithelial cell type is found here?

A

Submucosal esophogeal glands, which secrete lubricant to protect the mucosa from food passing through. Stratified cuboidal epithelium.

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11
Q

What proteins do the secretions of the submucosal esophogeal glands contain?

A

Lysozyme and epidermal growth factor (EGF)

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12
Q

What epithelial cell type is found in the stomach?

A

Simple columnar.

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13
Q

What is the area called where the epithelial cells of the esophagus transition to the columnar cells of the stomach?

A

The squamocolumnar junction.

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14
Q

Name the three stomach regions.

A

Cardia, fundus/body, pyloris.

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15
Q

Describe the gastric glands of the cardia.

A

Short pits, short glands.

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16
Q

Describe the gastric glands of the fundus/body.

A

Short pits, long glands.

17
Q

Describe the gastric glands of the pyloris.

A

Long pits, short glands.

18
Q

What is the primary function of the muscularis externa layers of the fundus/body?

A

Churning food.

19
Q

What does gastrin do? What secretes it?

A

It stimulates digestion by increasing gastric motility and secretion of HCl. It is secreted by enteroendocrine glands found in all three stomach regions.

20
Q

What cells are found on the surface throughout the stomach? What is their function?

A

Surface mucous cells. Function is to secrete protective mucous.

21
Q

How do surface mucous cells secrete mucus?

A

They store mucin granules in their apical regions and release them through exocytosis once stimulated.

22
Q

How do surface mucous cells stain?

A

Poorly with H&E but well with PAS.

23
Q

Name three cells that are found in fundic region glands.

A
  1. Mucous cells
  2. Parietal cells
  3. Chief cells
24
Q

What are the two major functions of parietal cells?

A
  1. Produce HCl

2. Produce intrinsic factor

25
Q

Are parietal cells eosinophilic or basophilic? Why?

A

Eosinophilic because they have abundant mitochondria for proton pumps.

26
Q

By which system do parietal cells increase their surface area for greater H+ secretion?

A

Complex tubulovascular system.

27
Q

What is an intracellular canaliculus?

A

The system by which parietal cells increase surface area for greater acid production after a meal.

28
Q

Where are chief cells found and what do they do?

A

Found deep within gastric glands of the fundic region. They produce pepsinogen.

29
Q

How do chief cells stain? Why?

A

Basophilic due to abundant ribosomes.

30
Q

Where are mucous neck cells found and what do they do? How are they best visualized?

A

Found in the neck of gastric glands, they protect glands from the acid pH and active pepsin. Must be stained with mucin stains, PAS.

31
Q

Intrinsic factor is important for absorption on which vitamin? Deficiency of this vitamin can lead to what disease?

A

B12. Deficiency can lead to Pernicious anemia.

32
Q

What is the esophogeal hiatus?

A

Where the esophagus enters the abdominal cavity.

33
Q

Compare Miessner’s plexus and the Auerbach’s plexus of the esophagus.

A

Miessner’s is located in the submucosa, and Auerbach’s is located just outside the circular muscle layer in the muscularis externa.

34
Q

Is the esophagus covered with serosa?

A

Just for a short bit before it enters the stomach. The rest is adventitia!!

Histology Pt. 2 (6 decks)

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