Integration/splitting Flashcards
In H NMR, what is the area under the peak proportional to?
The number of protons generating that peak
How can the area under the peak be displayed?
As a number of the spectrum
Vertically riding line which rises in height by an amount proportional to the area under the peak
How can the ratio of the types of protons be found?
By dividing the integrals by the smallest integral
What error do integrals have?
up to 10% associated with them
What rule explains spin-spin splitting?
n+1 rule
Why is there spin-spin splitting?
Each proton ‘senses’ number of equivalent carbon atoms near to the one it is bonded to and splits its resonance into n+1 components
What is n in the n+1 rule?
Number of protons on adjacent carbons
What does the n+1 rule only apply to?
Isotopes with I = 1/2
What rule do isotopes other than I=1/2 use?
2nI+1
How do you formulate a Pascal’s triangle?
Each entry in the triangle is the sum of the two entries above it and to the left and right
What nuclei can pascal triangle be used for?
I = 1/2
What is the coupling constant J?
The distance between peaks in a simple multiplet
What is the coupling constant measured in?
Hz
What is J a measure of?
How strongly a nucleus is affected by spin states of its neighbours
What is the equation to work out the coupling constant (Hz)
Difference in chemical shifts between peaks of multiplet (ppm) x operating frequency of machine (MHz)
