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ARE 5.0 - Project Delivery and Documentation > Integration of Specialty Systems > Flashcards

Integration of Specialty Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major objectives of fire protection and life safety?

A
  1. The protection of life
  2. The protection of property
  3. The restoration and continued use of the building after the fire
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2
Q

What is compartmentation? What are 4 examples of it?

A

Compartmentation = a fundamental concept in fire and life safety that contains a fire and limits its spread so that building occupants can escape and other parts of the building can be protected from fire damage.

  1. Areas of refuge
  2. Occupancy separations
  3. Whole building (exterior wall ratings)
  4. Load bearing structural members
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3
Q

What is a passive smoke control system? What are 3 examples of it?

A

Passive smoke control system = series of smoke barriers arranged to limited the migration of smoke

  1. Partitions
  2. door with smoke seals
  3. curtain boards (aka draft stop) = vertical panel made from fire-resistive materials that is attached to the ceiling immediately adjacent to an opening, hanging down 18” to prevent the passage of rising smoke
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4
Q

What is a curtain board? What is another name for it?

A

a vertical panel made from fire-resistive materials that is attached to the ceiling immediately adjacent to an opening, hanging down 18” to prevent the passage of rising smoke

also known as a draft stop

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5
Q

What is an active smoke control system?

A

Active smoke control system = an engineered system that uses mechanical fans to produce pressure differentials across smoke barriers or to establish airflows to limit and direct smoke movement

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6
Q

What are the 6 steps that happen in an active smoke control system after a fire starts?

A

After a fire starts:

  1. Fire activates an alarm
  2. Doors on automatic closing devices are closed
  3. Supply and return air ducts in the fire zone are shut down
  4. A vent that exhausts to outside air is turned on, creating negative pressure in the fire zone
  5. In the refuge zone, return and exhaust air ducts are closed and supply air is forced in, creating slightly positive pressure in refuge zone
  6. Stairways are pressurized to keep smoke from entering
  7. Vestibules are pressurized at a level slightly higher than the fire zone, but less than the stairway.
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7
Q

What are the 4 type of sprinkler systems?

A
  1. wet pipe
  2. dry pipe system
  3. preaction system
  4. deluge system
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8
Q

What is a wet pipe sprinkler system?

A

the most common type of sprinkler system. Is kept filled with water at all times and when temperature reaches the trigger point at any sprinkler head, he systems responds immediately.

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9
Q

What is a dry pipe sprinkler system? When should it be used?

A

Use in areas subject to freezing. Pipes are filled with compressed air or nitrogen, and when one head is activated water is allowed to flow.

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10
Q

What is a preaction sprinkler system? When should it be used?

A

Use where water damage is a concern. Similar to the dry pipe system, except water is allowed in the system before any sprinkler head has opened. When activated, the sprinkler does not open immediately. A short delay allows firefighters to respond, allowing the fire to be put out before any sprinkler opens.

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11
Q

What is a deluge sprinkler system? When should it be used?

A

Use in high-hazard areas where a fire is likely to spread rapidly. All sprinkler heads are activated at once, regardless of where the fire is detected. All sprinkler heads are kept open and pipes are kept empty. When activated, valves open and water is released into the pipes.

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12
Q

What are rules of thumb for a NFPA 13 sprinkler system in light hazard occupies? Why is it important to know these?
x sprinkler / x sf of floor area
x ft max between sprinkler heads
x ft min/max between sprinkler head and wall

A

1 sprinkler / 225 sf of floor area
15 ft max between sprinkler heads
7.5 ft max between sprinkler head and wall
4 ft min between sprinkler head and wall

Although architects do not typically design the sprinkler system, they may suggest sprinkler locations to coordinate with other ceiling-mounted items

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13
Q

What is a fusible link?

A

Fusible link = a small piece of wire that melts at a certain temperature and acts as a switch to open a vent, sprinkler head, or other fire prevention system element. Used by older fire sprinkler heads.

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14
Q

What are 3 styles of sprinkler heads? Where should each be used?

A
  1. Upright heads = sit above the sprinkler pipe. Use when plumbing is exposed and ceilings are high and unfinished.
  2. Sidewall heads = A single row of sprinklers that is plumbed from the wall or ceiling. Use for corridors and small rooms.
  3. Pendant head = located below the sprinkle pipe. Use when plumbing is concealed in a ceiling or soffit.
    - Recessed head
    - Flush head
    - Concealed head
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15
Q

What are 5 types of sprinklers? How do you determine when to use?

A

Use depending on occupancy, hazard level, and contents of spaces:

  1. Standard residential sprinklers = fast-response, sensitive to both heat and smoldering
  2. Quick response sprinklers = more sensitive to heat, taking less time to activate
  3. Early-suppression fast-response (ESFR) = spray water at a high temperature and at a higher rate of flow. Use for more hazardous conditions. Designed to extinguish a fire while it is small.
  4. Quick-response early suppression (QRES) = similar to ESFR, but are designed for light-hazard occupancies
  5. Extended coverage (EC) = cover a larger area per head than typ sprinklers. May be used in light-hazard occupancies only and under smooth, flat ceilings.
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16
Q

What are 2 types of standpipes? How do you determine when to use each?

A

wet = contain water at all times. Code seems to want this in more hazardous/higher occupancy situation.

dry = dry-standpipe system not directly connected to a water supply. Allowed in open air spaces in cold climates, when wet standpipes would freeze.

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17
Q

What are the 3 IBC classes of standpipes?

A

Class I: Larger hose connection, intended for fire department use only.

Class II: smaller hose connection, intended for building occupant or first responder use.

Class III: both larger and smaller hose connections, intended for both fire department and building occupant use.

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18
Q

What are the 6 locations at which Class I and Class III standpipes must be provided per IBC?

A

Class I and III standpipes must be provided at the following locations:
1. In every required stairway: at each floor level above and below grade at the main floor landing of each story
2 On each side of the wall adjacent to a horizontal exit (unless the exit is within the reach of a 100 ft hose with a 30 ft hose stream in an adjacent exit stair)
3. In every exit passageway: at the entrance from the exit passageway to other areas of the building (unless the areas adjacent to the exit passageway are within the reach of a 100 ft hose with a 30 ft hose stream)
4. In covered mall buildings: adjacent to each exterior public entrance and adjacent o ach entrance from an exit passageway r exit corridor to the mall
5. In open mall buildings: adjacent to each exterior public entrance and adjacent to each entranced rom an exit passageway or exit corridor to the mall
6. On roofs with slopes < 4:12, or at highest landing of stairs to the roof

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19
Q

When is a Class III standpipe required per IBC? Exceptions?

A

A Class III standpipe is required if:

  • a building has a floor level 30 ft above or below the lowest level of fire vehicle access.
  • a building has more than 4 stories.
  • large stages > 1000 sf

Exceptions:
Class I standpipe allowed:
- if a building is fully sprinklered with NFPA 13 or NFPA 13R systems.
- in basements with automatic sprinklers
- in open air parking garages with highest level < 150 ft above lowest level of fire vehicle access

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20
Q

When is a Class I automatic wet standpipes required per IBC?

A
  • non-sprinklered, enclosed A occupancies w/ an occ load > 1000
  • covered and open mall buildings
  • all underground buildings
  • if a building is fully sprinklered with NFPA 13 or NFPA 13R systems.
  • in basements with automatic sprinklers
  • in open air parking garages with highest level < 150 ft above lowest level of fire vehicle access
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21
Q

When a Class I standpipe is required per IBC, where must the standpipes be located within the building?

A
  • in every required stairway, at the main floor landing
  • at each side of the wall adjacent to a (horizontal) exit opening
  • in every exit passageway at the entrance from the exit passageway to other areas of a building, unless the areas adjacent to exit passageway can be reached from the interior exit stairway standpipe with a 100ft hose and 30ft stream
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22
Q

When a Class II standpipe is required per IBC, where must the standpipes be located within the building?

A
  • locate so that all portions are the building are within 30ft of a noble attached to a 100 ft hose
  • in Group A-1 and A-2 with occ loads > 1000:
    • on each side of any stage
    • on each side of the rear of the auditorium
    • on each side of any balcony
    • on each tier of dressing rooms
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23
Q

When a Class III standpipe is required per IBC, where must the standpipes be located within the building?

A

since it contains both Class I and Class II standpipes, the IBC refers back to requirements for both Class I and II standpipes

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24
Q

What are the 4 classes of potable fire extinguishers per IBC? When should each be used?

A

Class A = use for ordinary combustibles; contains water or water-based agents
Class B = use for flammable liquids; contains chemicals to smother flames
Class C = use for electrical equipment; contain non conductive agents
Class D = use for combustible metals; contains dry powder to absorb heat and smother flames

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25
Q

What is the equation for calculating illumination on a surface that is perpendicular to the light source?

A

foot-candles = candlepower / distance^2

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26
Q

What is the equation for calculating illumination on a surface that is not perpendicular to the light source?

A

foot-candles = (candlepower*cos(theta)) / distance^2
where
theta = angle between the source and surface, measured from the vertical

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27
Q

What is the equation for calculating number of luminaries needed? (this equation will be provided in exam references)

A

(# of luminaries) = ((desired foot-candles)(floor area)) / ((number of lamps)(number of lumens)(coefficient of utilization)(light loss factor))

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28
Q

What is the equation for luminaire efficiency rating (LER)?

A

LEr = ((luminarie’s efficiency)(total lamp lumens)(ballast factor)) / (watts)

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29
Q

What are the 3 methods IBC allows to limit power used for lighting?

A
  1. Building area method = provides a max lighting power density (LPD)
  2. Space-by-space method = assigns LPDs to common space types
    Note: Standard 90.1 provides exceptions to the LPA for both building area and space-by-space methods such as exhibit lighting, displays, signage, plants, food prep, etc .
  3. Energy cost budget method = a computer simulation that determine the energy cost budget
    - Only way to deal with unique designs, renewable energy, high-efficiency equipment
    - Verifies compliance with LEED requirements
30
Q

What is lighting power density (LPD)?

What is lighting power allowance (LPA)?

A

Lighting power density (LPD) = allowable power in watts per square foot of building area, based on building type

Lighting power allowance (LPA) = LPD x building sf

31
Q

What is lighting system tuning? It includes what 4 steps?

A

The adjustment of the lighting installation to maximize efficiency after construction is complete.

  1. Lamps are replaced with lower or higher wattage units
  2. Adjustable luminaries are aimed for their optimal positions
  3. Ballasts are adjusted for max efficiency
  4. Switches are replaced with dimmer controls or time-out units
32
Q

What is the minimum illumination level for emergency egress illumination per IBC?

A

1 fc at the floor level for 90 minutes

33
Q

At what 3 locations is emergency egress illumination required per IBC?

A
  1. Exit access corridors and aisles in spaces required to have 2 or more exits
  2. Exit access corridors and exit stairways in buildings required to have 2 or more exits
  3. Interior exit discharge elements when permitted (ie lobbies)
34
Q

At what locations are exit signs required per IBC? What is their illumination requirement?

A

Exit signs are required at:

  1. exits and exit access doors
  2. very point in an exit access corridor must be within 100 ft of an exit sign

Min 5 fc (if illuminated by power)

35
Q

What are self-luminous exit signs? Photoluminscent exit signs?

A

Self-luminous exit signs = “glow in the dark” (aka no power)

Photoluminescent exit signs = charged with energy absorbed from ambient lighting during normal building operation

36
Q

Emergency and standby power systems are required for:

A
  1. emergency egress illumination
  2. exit signs
  3. smoke control systems
  4. horizontal sliding doors
  5. means of egress elevators
  6. voice communication systems
37
Q

What are 3 types of intrusion detection systems?

A
  1. Perimeter detection = secure the entry points to a space/building
  2. Area or room protection = detect when someone passes within the device’s field of coverage
  3. Object protection = used to sense movement or tampering with individual objects (safes, artwork, file cabinets, etc)
38
Q 
How do each types of perimeter protection systems work? 
magnetic contacts
glass break detectors
window screens
photoelectric cells
A

Magnetic contacts = set an alarm when the contact is broken (when a door/window opens)

Glass break detectors = sense when a window has been broken

Window screens = fine wires embedded into glass that set off an alarm when cut or broken

Photoelectric cells = detect when an emitted beam or electrons has been broken.

39
Q 
How do each types of area/room protection systems work? 
photoelectric beams
infrared detector
audio detectors
pressure sensors 
ultrasonic detectors 
microwave detectors
A
  • Photoelectric beams = a pulsed infrared beam is sent across the space, an alarm sounds if beam is broken
  • Infrared detectors = sense sources of infrared radiation
  • Audio detectors = triggered by unusual sounds
  • Pressure sensors = detect weight on a floor or other surface
  • Ultrasonic detectors = emit sound waves at very high frequencies. Alarm is activated when waves are interrupted.
  • Microwave detectors = emit microwave radiation and sense interruptions in the radiation field. Use is limited in interior construction.
40
Q

How do each types of object protection systems work?
capacitane proximity detectors
vibration detectors
infrared detectors

A

Capacitance proximity detectors = sense touch on metal objects
Vibration detectors = sense a disturbance of an object
Infrared motion detectors = determine if the space around an object is violated

41
Q

How does an electric lock work?

A

Electric lock = retracts the bolt when activated from the secure side of the door. Requires an electric hinge.

42
Q

How does an electric strike work?

A

Electric strike = Latch bolt is fixed on the secure side of the door. On activation, the electric strike retracts, allowing the door to be opened

43
Q

How does an electromagnetic lock work?

A

Electromagnetic lock = when activated, lock holds the door closed with powerful magnetic force. Card readers, keypads, buttons, etc deactivate the electromagnet.

44
Q

How does biometric lock device work?

A

Biometric device = recognizes a biological feature or voice to unlock

45
Q

What are the 5 basic types of fire detection devices that detect different stages of a developing fire?

A
  1. PARTICLES: Ionization detector = early warning detector. Detects particles from a smoldering fire before there are flames. Does not detect smoke. Often used with a gas-sensing detector.
  2. GAS = Gas-sensing detector = Early warning detector. Detects combustion gases. Often used with an ionization detector.
  3. SMOKE = Photoelectric detector = detects the next stage of a developing fire. Detects smoke.
  4. FLAME = Flame detectors = Final heat stage of a fire. Detect radiation from flames .
  5. HEAT = Rise-of-temperature detector = Final heat stage of a fire. Detects the presence of heat
46
Q

Rules of thumb for # of hoisteways required in:
Office buildings
Apartment buildings
Hotels

A

Office buildings: 1 / 35,000 sf (2500 lbm - 3500 lbm capacity)
1 freight elevator per 265,000 sf

Apartment buildings: 1 / 75 units (2000 lbm – 3000 lbm)
1 freight elevator if > 300 units

Hotels : 1 / 75 rooms (2500 lbm – 3500 lbm)
1 freight elevator if < 100 rooms; 2 freights for each additional 200 rooms

47
Q

Rule of thumb for machine rooms at top of hoist ways:
floor area?
height?

A

Floor area = 2x shaft floor area

Height = 1.5 stories above the top of the beams below the machine room

48
Q

Rule of thumb for pit depths?

A

Pit depths = 10 ft – 11.5 ft, depending on elevator speed and capacity

49
Q 
Rule of thumb for elevator vestibule/lobby depth in relation to car depth (D): 
2 cars
3 cars
4 cars
4 cars in a line
5 cars
6 cars
8 cars
A 
2 cars = D
3 cars = 1.5D (6 ft)
4 cars = 1.5D – 2D (10 ft)
4 cars in a line = 1.5 D (8ft)
5 cars = 1.5D – 2D (10ft)
6 cars = 1.75D – 2 D (10ft)
8 cars = 2D (14 ft)
   **Requires open lobby on both ends
50
Q

What are the 2 basic widths of escalators? Nominal and actual? Total width, including machinery?

A 
32 in (24 in actual / 48in – 52in total)
48 in (42 in actual / 63in – 70in total width)
51
Q

What are the 4 escalator arrangements?

A

crisscross spiral (2 escalators wide)
crisscross walk around (2 escalators wide)
parallel walk around (2 escalators wide)
parallel spiral (4 escalators wide)

52
Q

Number of escalators required depends on which 3 factors?

A

Building type
Traffic flow
Use during peak travel times

53
Q

How to calculate escalator length?

A

use trig to fine length based on knowns: escalator angle (30 deg) and rise required

54
Q

An acoustic plans should include which 5 factors ?

A
  1. room noise and acoustics
  2. sound transmission
  3. speech privacy
  4. impact noise
  5. mechanical noise
55
Q

3 main ways to control noise within a space:

A
  1. Reduce the noise
  2. Modify the absorption of the space
  3. Introduce nonintrusive background sound
56
Q

What does low-frequency sound need for noise control? What are 2 methods to control low-frequency noise?

A

Low-frequency control = requires thicker partitions or more space for detailing to absorb low-frequency sound

  1. Panel resonator (or bass trap) = open box mounted on the wall or constructed as part of wall assembly. Absorbs low-frequency energy while reflecting mid-and high-frequency energy.
  2. Cavity resonators (Helmholtz resonator) = large air space with a small opening. Ie a concrete block wall with special masonry units with narrow splits opening into a cavity in the block
57
Q

What is the difference between AI and AC?

A

AC = articulation class = gives a rating of system component performance and does not account for masking sound

AI = articulation index = measures the performance of all the elements in a particular configuration working together. Used to test speech privacy of open offices.

58
Q

What are the ratings of AI and what do they mean?

A

AI = 0 = complete privacy
AI < 0.05 = confidential speech privacy (speech cannot be understood)
AI = 0.05 - 0.20 = normal speech (concentrated effort is needed to understand intruding speech)
AI > 0.2 = speech is readily understood
AI > 0.30 = privacy does not exist
AI = 1 = no privacy

59
Q

What is SIL? How is it measured? How is it useful?

A

SIL = speech interference level = measured in decibels. Useful measure of the effect of background noise on spoken communications.
30–40 db = communication in a normal voice is possible
80–85 db = communication with shouting is difficult

60
Q

5 factors for designing speech privacy in an open area:

A
  1. Highly absorptive ceiling
  2. Absorptive space dividers to reduce sound transmission
  3. Arrange other surfaces (windows, floor, furniture, light fixtures) to minimize sound reflections
  4. Distance activities
  5. Background masking system = signal-to-noise ratio = reintroducing background sound to maintain the right balance between speech sound and background noise
61
Q

4 ways to increase IIC:

A

Impact Isolation Class:

  1. Add carpet
  2. Provide a resilient suspended ceiling below
  3. Float a finished floor on resilient pads over the structural floor
  4. Provide sound-absorbing material in the air space between the floor and finished ceiling
62
Q

What are 3 noise concerns with mechanical equipment?

A
  1. Rigidly attached equipment
  2. Ductwork
  3. Movement of air or water through ducts/pipes
63
Q

6 ways to control noise from mechanical equipment:

A
  1. Mount mech equipment on springs or resilient pads
  2. Use flexible (not rigid) connections
  3. Line ducts or provide mufflers
  4. Isolate noisy equipment from quiet spaces
  5. Increase absorption or STC of mechanical rooms
  6. Design mech/plumbing systems to minimize high-velocity flow or sudden changes in velocity
64
Q

What is the difference between reflection, diffusion, and diffraction?

A 
Reflection = the return of sound waves from a surface 
Diffusion = the random distribution of sound from a surface. 
Diffraction = the bending of sound waves around an object or through an opening
65
Q

When is the angle of reflection equal to the angle of incidence?

A

when the dimension of the surface is > 4 times the wavelength of the sound striking it, the angle of incidence = the angle of reflection

66
Q

What are the units of sound wavelength? In the reflection of sound, wavelength depends on what?

A

Wavelength (feet) depends on frequency (Hz)
A shorter wavelength = higher frequency
23.0 ft (wavelength) = 5 Hz (frequency)
11 ft = 100 Hz

67
Q

Where does diffusion of sound occur?

A

Occurs when the depth of the surface is equal to the wavelength of the sound striking it

68
Q

When detailing a building, what are 3 types of connection?

A
  1. Rigid (if one material moves, both move) = plaster fixed to lath
  2. Rigid but adjustable for installation = ledger screwed to wall
  3. Flexible (movement is allowed) = expansion joint
69
Q

Why are industry standards important?

What 3 considerations should you look at before deviating from industry standards?

A

Industry standards = methods developed through practice/experience, from recommendations of trade associations, and from building codes

When should you consider a deviation from industry standards?

  1. REQUIRED PERFORMANCE: After the performance requirements for the building assembly have been precisely defined and specified
  2. MEANS AND METHODS: After the materials and construction techniques being proposed to meet the requirements have been thoroughly researched
  3. ACTUAL PERFORMANCE: With careful analysis of how the construction might actually perform
70
Q

What is ICE (in relation to coordination of building systems)?

A

ICE = integrated concurrent engineering = a process by which the major team members concurrently create preliminary designs and review constructibility using advanced modeling, visualization, and analysis tools within a specialized design facility

71
Q

What are 6 important considerations of the constructibility of a detail?

A
  1. connections
  2. structure (support)
  3. movement
  4. tolerances
  5. clearances (to allow for the construction/installation0
  6. construction trade sequence
72
Q

What are 4 constraints each detail must address?

A
  1. code requirements
  2. substrates (ie. wood floor vs concrete)
  3. cost
  4. conformance to industry standards

ARE 5.0 - Project Delivery and Documentation (5 decks)

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