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ARE 5.0 - Project Delivery and Documentation > Integration of Building Systems > Flashcards

Integration of Building Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 things to know for calculating the size of an HVAC system?

A
  1. The capacity of heating/cooling equipment that the building needs (aka total heat gains/losses in most extreme conditions)
  2. The size of spaces required to house mechanical equipment
  3. The space and layout needed for pipe/duct distribution
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2
Q

What are 5 variables that influence the amount of space required for an HVAC system?

A
  1. scope of the system (local, centralized, or district)
  2. type of the system (air, water, air-water, electric)
  3. building size.
  4. building type
  5. any passive systems used
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3
Q

What is the difference between local, centralized, or district HVAC systems? How much space does each need relative to the others?

A

Local: serves one zone, used for small buildings or specific area of a large building
Needs the least space

Centralized: serves several zones from one location. Common in moderate to large buildings, often commercial and institutional.
Needs the most space

District: serves several buildings from a single plant. Common in a campus.
Needs less space than centralized because heating/cooling takes place elsewhere.

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4
Q

How much space does each type of system need:

  1. relate to the others?
  2. as a % of building size?
    - all air
    - all water
    - air-water
    - electric
    - direct expansion
A
  1. All air: needs the most space (3%-10% of total building area)
  2. Air-water: needs medium amount of space because no return air ducts are needed, just supply ducts (3%-10% of total building area)\
  3. All water: needs least amount of space (1%-3% total building area)
  4. Electric: smallest and simplest. Limited to small buildings with localized system. (<1% total building area)
  5. Direct expansion: smallest and simplest. Limited to small buildings with localized system. (<1% total building area)
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5
Q

Where should a cooling tower be located?

A

Locate on roof or outside

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6
Q

Where should a boiler be located?
How much clear height does a boiler need?
How many boilers does a building typically have?
How much floor area sf does a boiler chimney require?

Where should a chiller be located?

A

Boilers must be placed inside, in a room about twice the boiler’s length

  • Clear height of 12’-8” is required
  • Typically 2 boilers
  • Boiler chimneys need about 4sf - 36 sf floor area

Chillers are often are in same room as boilers, may be in separate room

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7
Q

AHU

  • what does it do?
  • when do you need one?
  • what kind of ductwork is required?
  • where should it be located
  • what the equipment is included in the same room?
A

Air Handling Unit

  • Uses water from boilers and chillers to heat or cool the air
  • Need if you have an all-air or all-water system
  • Requires supply ductwork to run from the AHU to each terminal unit and supply air diffuser
  • should be located in the fan room, next to an exterior wall (can be more interiorly located if fresh air and exhaust can be carried by ductwork)
  • fan room should also contain fans, filters, humidifiers, preheat coils (cold climates), return air ducts, outside air intakes, exhaust points, dampers, mixing box
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8
Q

What equipment is included in the fan room?
Where should the fan room be located?
Any other fan room considerations?

A
  • AHU, fans, filters, humidifiers, preheat coils (cold climates), return air ducts, outside air intakes, exhaust points, dampers, mixing box
  • Next to an exterior wall (can be more interiorly located if fresh air and exhaust can be carried by ductwork)
  • Equipment is very noisy
  • Locate so as to minimize ductwork
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9
Q

Where are 3 options for location a mechanical room and fan room in a large or high-rise building? Which option provides the greatest smoke control?

A
  1. In the basement along with a primary fan room that distributes air upward
  2. In the basement with smaller fan rooms located on each floor
    * * This option provides greater smoke control in case of fire = air supply to a particular floor can be switched off, and return air exhausted to outside while dampers on floors above/below can be switched on to provide full pressurization to prevent spread of smoke**
  3. Roof or mechanical penthouse – must consider noise control and structural support
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10
Q

What is a difference between round and rectangular ducts?

A 
Round = more efficient and maintains air pressure better
Rectangular = makes better use of space above ceilings and in vertical chases
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11
Q

Where should horizontal trunk ducts be located?

A

Along paths of building circulation systems

Above corridor ceilings or between/under structural beams

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12
Q

What is static head (or static pressure) in air ducts?

A

The amount of pressure that must be applied to overcome the resistance/friction between moving air and duct walls

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13
Q

What is a rule of thumb for static head/pressure in relation to…

  • duct length?
  • duct size/diameter?
  • fan size?

Summarize all this into one statement.

A
  • The longer the ductwork, the more friction in the system and larger ducts or larger fans are required to overcome it
  • Increasing the size of ducts keeps pressure lower, but requires more space
  • Increasing the size of fans raises pressure, but raises initial & operation costs and creates more noise

SO if you can keep the duct runs shorter, you can use a higher pressure system (which will take up less space) and smaller fans (which keep costs lower and reduce noise)

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14
Q

What is a mixing box?
How is it controlled?
How big is it?
Where is it located?

A

Controls air that flows into a space from the main air supply line.

By a thermostat – it adjusts the air’s quantity and/or temperature while reducing air’s velocity and noise

Depends on type and capacity of system. Can range from 6in–18in tall, 24in–60in long, 14in–66in wide

In the plenum

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15
Q

How does a mixing box work in a terminal reheat system? What is one way to identify a terminal reheat system?

A

Cool air enters mixing box at a fixed temperature, and the mixing box contains a hot water coil that can add heat as needed

You can identify a terminal reheat system by the air ducts and copper pipes leading into the mixing boxes

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16
Q

How does a mixing box work in a dual duct system?

A

The mixing box receives both cool air and hot air from two separate ducts, and mixes them to obtain the needed temperature. Then it distributes the mixed air.

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17
Q

How does a mixing box work in a VAV system? Where is it typically located?

A

The VAV mixing box receives air at a constant temperature and then varies the airflow rate as needed to maintain desired temperature.
VAV box is typ placed above the ceiling within or near the space it serves

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18
Q

What is a plenum?

What is it used for? How much space does each use need?

A

The space between a suspended ceiling and the structural floor or roof

Used for:
1. Mech = Ductwork = 12in – 16in depth

  1. Plumbing = Sprinkler & plumbing piping = 4in – 6 in of depth
  2. Electrical = Wiring, signal systems, speakers, and recessed lighting =
    9in–12in (compact fluorescent downlights)
    4in–5in (standard fluorescent fixtures)
    <4in (LED and improved compact fluorescent)

Suspended ceiling = 2in

total space need = 22” - 42”

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19
Q

What is access flooring?

A

an alternative to a plenum in which a false floor of individual panels is raised above the structural floor by pedestals. Most commonly used for communication, electrical, and computer wiring but can be used for HVAC.

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20
Q

Where should supply diffusers be located?

Where should return air diffusers be located?

A

Supply diffusers = near windows

Return diffusers = Away from supply points (for circulation)

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21
Q

What is static head in water supply? Water pressure?

A

Static head = pressure is expressed in linear feet (think: a column of water)

Water pressure = pressure expressed in psi

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22
Q

Identify the static head and water pressure in this statement:
“A column of water 1ft tall exerts a pressure of 0.433 psi at its base”

A

Static head = 1ft

Water pressure = 0.433 psi

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23
Q

Identify the static head and water pressure in this statement:
“1 psi of pressure will raise water 2.3 ft”

A

Static head = 2.3 ft

Water pressure = 1 psi

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24
Q

What are the 2 primary types of water supply systems?
What is the difference?
When should each be used?

A

upfeed & downfeed

upfeed = uses pressure in the water main to directly supply the fixtures
- Height limit = 40ft–60ft

downfeed = water from main is pumped to storage tanks near the top of the building and flows to the fixtures by gravity

  • Use if building is too tall for upfeed
  • Height limit = ~138ft
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25
Q

Where is water pressure lowest in a downfeed system? Where is it highest?

A

Pressure is lower at the top = highest fixture has a min pressure
Pressure is highest at the bottom = bottom fixture has a max pressure

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26
Q

What is a direct upfeed pumping system or tankless system?

Where can it be used?

A

Several pumps are used together and controlled by a pressure sensor

  • When demand is light, only one pump operates
  • When demand increases, another pump is signalled to start

Use for medium-sized buildings

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27
Q

what are 4 grades of copper and what are they used for?

A

K = thickest walls
Available in straight lengths (hard temper) or coils (soft temper)

L = thinner walls = most commonly used for building plumbing systems
Available in straight lengths or coils

M = thinnest walls = used only where low pressure (branch supply lines, chilled water systems, exposed lines in heating systems, and drainage piping)
Available in straight lengths or coils
DWV = thinner than L, rarely used now

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28
Q

When can you use Steel or galvanized steel piping?

A

use where water is noncorrosive

Schedule-40 pipe most often used

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29
Q

When can you use plastic piping? What 2 main types are used in plumbing?

A

check code - plastic is restricted by building type and plastic type

CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride)
PEX (cross-linked polyethylene)
** Note: PVC is only used for cold water supply and drainage

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30
Q

What are valves used for in plumbing? Where are they located?

A

Used to control water flow. Allow selective shutdown of the system for repairs without affecting the entire building.

Risers, horizontal branch lines, and pipe connections to fixtures/equipment

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31
Q

What is the use for a ball valve?

A

ball valve = used as main shutoff valve

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32
Q

What is the use for an angle valve?

A

angle valve = used to control water supply to an individual fixture, for maintenance work

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33
Q

What is the use for a pressure reducing valve?

A

pressure reducing valves = used when the supply pressure from the street is greater than the building’s needs

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34
Q

What is the use for a butterfly valve?

A

butterfly valve = more commonly found in industrial applications, used to reduce pressure slightly.

35
Q

What is the use for a gate valve?

A

gate valve = used where control is either completely on or off.
No turns = low friction loss

36
Q

What is the use for a globe valve?

A

globe valve = use where water flow is variably and frequently controlled, like faucets and hose bibs.
90 deg turn = high friction loss

37
Q

What is the use for a check valve?

A

check valve = allows water to flow in one direction. Used to prevent backflow from contaminating water supply.

38
Q

What is water hammer? How do you prevent it?

A

Water hammer = noise caused when a valve or faucet is closed quickly

Prevent with air chambers or shock absorbers
Air chamber = length of pipe installed above the connection to the faucet. Cushions surge of water.
Shock absorber = same as chamber. Needs expansion device.

39
Q

what is a rule of thumb for water pressure design?

A

‘the pressure needed at the most remote fixture added to all pressure losses must not exceed the water main pressure’

40
Q

How do you find the pressure required at each fixture?

A

Rules of thumb for pressure requirements based on fixture type:
Tubs & showers (balanced-pressure), WCs, bidets, urinals = ~20 psi
Dishwashers, laundry, lavatories, showers, hose bibs, sinks = 8 psi

41
Q

How do you calculate pressure losses?

A

= total rise in ft * 0.433 psi/ft

42
Q

Pressure loss in a plumbing system depends on which two factors?
How are these two factors related?

A
  1. pipe diameter
  2. flow rate (gal/min)
  • The smaller the pipe the diameter, the greater the friction (therefore pressure loss)
  • The greater the flow rate, the greater the friction/pressure loss
    Ie. if 2 pipes have the same diameter, the one with the greater flow rate has the greater friction
43
Q

How do you find the water main pressure?

A

Water main pressure = provided by the local water company

44
Q

What is demand load of a plumbing system? How is it calculated?

A

The flow rate that would be needed if every fixture in the system were in use at the same time
aka
the maximum possible flow

Calculate by adding up the load values for all the fixtures

45
Q

How is load value of a fixture measured?

A

Load value for a fixture is measured in wsfu (water supply fixture units) where a fixture unit = 1cuft/min

Hot and cold load values are measured separately

Total load value = 0.75*(hot load value + cold load value)

46
Q

What is probable demand?
What is it used for?
How do you calculate it?

A

Probable demand = the maximum flow rate that can be expected under typical conditions

This is the value actually needed to design the water system since most fixtures are in use only intermittently and for short periods, so designing the system for the demand load would be needlessly expensive

Tables/graphs relate the demand load (in fixture units) to the probable demand (in gallons per minute)
Take the total demand load for the system, and then find the total probable load (NOT the demand load for each fixture)

47
Q

What is a drip irrigation system?

A

Drip irrigation system = slowly releases water at the soil level, only in the area of plants. Can be controlled with timers and rain sensors. More efficiency than sprinklers for small trees, shrubs, and individual plants.

48
Q

What is the defining factor of storage capacity for a hot water heater?

A

Storage capacity for a hot water heater sizing depends on peak hourly demand

49
Q

What is the “recovery rate” of a water heater?

A

= number of gallons per hour of cold water that can be heated to the desired temperature

50
Q

What are 2 basic water heating methods?

A
  1. Direct heating = brings the water into contact with surfaces heated directly by flame, hot gases, electricity, or solar radiation. Typ used in residential.
  2. Indirect heating = uses another medium (ex. steam) to transfer the heat from its source to the surfaces that are in contact with water.
51
Q

What are 3 basic types of water heating systems?

A

3 basic types of heating systems:

  1. Storage tank = same tank is used both to heat the water and to store it for use
  2. Tankless = water is heated quickly as it is needed and immediately sent to where it is needed
  3. Circulating = water is heated in one place and then moved to a separate storage tank until it is needed. Commonly used for solar-powered systems and commercial kitchens.
52
Q

What are plumbing traps? Where are they located? What are traps connected to?

A

Traps catch and hold a quantity of water, which forms a seal that prevents sewage gases from entering the building.

They are located at every fixture, within 2ft of the fixture.

2 points of connection – the drainage piping AND vents (pipes that go to the roof)

53
Q

Do any fixtures have integrated traps?

A

Yes - toilets. For all other fixtures traps are separate equipment.

54
Q

What is the difference between a stack vent and a vent sack?

A

Stack vent = always routes to exterior of building
vent stack = can either connect fixtures on lower floors to the stack vent at the top floor, or vent directly to exterior at roof

55
Q

What is the difference between a soil stack and a waste stack?

A 
soil stack (toilets)
waste stack (no toilets)
they both drain liquid from sinks/toilets to house drain.
56
Q

What is a backflow preventer or backwater valve?

A

keep wastewater from reversing flow and backing up into fixtures and contaminating water supply or flooding

57
Q

What is a Sump pit / sump pump / ejector pump? When is it needed?

A

= helps pumps sewage to a higher level where it can flow by gravity to the sewer. Needed when plumbing fixtures are below the level of house drain and house sewer.

58
Q

What are interceptors?

A

Interceptors = collect foreign matter (grease, plaster, lubricating oil, etc) at the source instead of allowing it to enter the sewer system

59
Q

What is the house drain?

A

it connects the soil stacks and waste stacks to the house/building sewer.

60
Q

What is the min slope for plumbing drains?

A

Generally ¼:12, but can be as low as ⅛:12 for pipes >3” diam

61
Q

Rules of thumb for chase wall sizing at plumbing fixtures?

A

Fixtures on one side = 12 in thick

Fixtures on both sides = 16 in thick

62
Q

What is a sink carrier? Toilet carrier?

A

Sink carrier = steel framework inside a chase wall to support a wall mounted sink

Toilet carrier = steel framework inside a chase wall to support a wall mounted toilet

63
Q

What are the two main elements of a private waste disposal and treatment system?

A

septic tank and leaching field

64
Q

What is a septic tank? How is it sized?

A 
Part of a private waste disposal system that collects sewage and allows solid matter to settle to the bottom. 
The effluent (liquid portion) drawings to the distribution system, where it seeps into the ground

Sizing is determined by amount of daily flow.

65
Q

What is a leaching field? How is it sized?

A

Part of a private waste disposal system where effluent seeps from the drain tiles into the soil.

Sizing is based on the soil’s ability to absorb the effluent, which is determined by a percolation test.

66
Q

What are min separations between the following to avoid contamination?
leaching field and well
septic tank and well
leaching field and building g

A

100 ft required between a leaching field and well
50 ft required between a septic tank and a well
10 ft between a leaching field and a building

67
Q

What is a water stabilization pond (WSP)? How do they work? How deep are they?

A

Holding basins for secondary wastewater treatment. Another method of treating wastewater, instead of septic tank/leaching field or public sewer lines.

Wastewater is directed through a series of ponds, sitting and decomposing in each pond for 3 weeks (hot locations) to 6 months (cold locations)

4ft — 8ft deep

68
Q

What is an advanced integrated wastewater pond system (AIWPS)? What are the 4 types of ponds it contains?

A

A type of WSP system with specific types of ponds where the final effluent can be used for agriculture or landscape irrigation

Facultative pond → algae pond → settling pond → maturation pond

69
Q

What are 2 ways to drain stormwater from a private home?

A
  1. Collects water from roof and runs it into the ground to soak in
    Splash blocks carry water far enough from building to keep away from the foundation
  2. Drywells = large, porous underground container where water collects and seeps into soil
    A drain field can also be used if more drainage is needed
70
Q

What is the min slope grade away from a building?

A

1/2:12

71
Q

What are min gutter slopes?

A

⅙:12 to ½:12

72
Q

What are 2 commonly used types of roofing membrane?

A

PVC and TPO

73
Q

What are 3 ways to attach a roofing membrane?

A
  1. Fully adhered = highly resistant to wind uplift
    May be used in both low- and steep-slope applications
    Typ separate adhesive, but newer systems peel-and-stick
  2. Ballasted
  3. Mechanically attached = highly resistant to high wind uplift
    Installed with fasteners or plates along the edge of each sheet
74
Q

What are 3 defining characteristics of a curtain wall?

A
  1. Non-bearing (only supports its own weight)
  2. Supported by structural framing (transfers wind loads to building structure)
  3. Functions primarily to enclose the building
75
Q

What is the most common type (material) of curtain wall?

A

Aluminum curtain wall

76
Q

What are 4 important detailing considerations for a curtain wall?

A
  1. Most curtain walls are based on the rain screen principal, with air pressure equalized on both sides
  2. Tight fitting joints need capillary leaks to prevent water from penetrating through capillary action
  3. Anchoring should provide for 3-way adjustability and located on the top of floor slab, attached to the slab edge or spandrel bream or top of slab
  4. Firestop must be placed between the back of curtain wall and structural framing (safing insulation or other approved infill). Should be located below the curtain wall anchoring.
77
Q

What is structural silicone glazing?

A

A variation of a curtain wall system where the framing is not visible. A high-strength silicone sealant bonds glass to glass or glass to metal framing behind the glazing

78
Q

What are the two types of structural silicone glazing?

A
  1. Two-side (strip-window) system = glass is supported in standard metal frames at the sill and head with the edges butt jointed and sealed with silicone sealant
  2. Four-sided (total-wall) system = structural silicone bonds the glass to a metal frame on the interior side of the glass
79
Q

What is an exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS)? What is a main benefit?

A

A synthetic, stucco-like finish applied over a rigid insulation board, which is attached to building sheathing

Excellent energy savings with exterior insulation that avoids thermal bridging

80
Q

What are two basic classification of an EIFS? Which one is more often used?

A
  1. Polymer based (Class PB) = most of the EIFS systems

2. Polymer modified (Class PM)

81
Q

What are the differences between PB and PM EIFS?

A

PB

  • More flexible, so do not require expansion joints
  • Less expensive than PM

PM

  • More impact-resistance than PB
  • Slightly higher thermal resistance
  • More resistant to water penetration
82
Q

What are two applications for water/moisture infiltration in an EIFS?

A
  1. barrier system = requires perfect finish/sealant to prevent water infiltration
  2. drainage system = uses rain screen principle
83
Q

What are some important detailing considerations in an EIFS?

A
  1. WRB must be provided on exterior side of sheathing
  2. Expansion joints should be min ¾”
  3. Provide flashing with drips over windows, doors, soffits, other horiz. Openings
  4. Finishes must be located so not subject to continuous water contact, ie near grade
  5. Do not carry the finish coat into joints where sealant is applied so sealant can adhere directly to the base coat
84
Q

What are perforated metal wall panels?

A

A type of cladding using factory fabricated panels consisting of metal on each side of an insulating core. Panels are designed to span between supports on a structure framework and provide the finished, exterior cladding of the wall assembly.

ARE 5.0 - Project Delivery and Documentation (5 decks)

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