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BioChem Exam 2 > Integration of Metabolism > Flashcards

Integration of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the products of pyruvate?

A
  • alanine
  • OAA
  • acetyl CoA
  • Lactate
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2
Q

When is gluconeogenesis activated?

A
  • fasting

- exercise

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3
Q

What promotes gluconeogenesis to protect against hypoglycemia?

A

Glucagon

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4
Q

What does gluconeogensis create?

A

new sugar

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5
Q

What does gluconeogensis provide glucose for?

A
  • brain
  • muscles
  • erythrocytes
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6
Q

What are the precursors of gluconeogensis?

A
  • pyruvate
  • lactate
  • glycerol
  • alanine
  • aspartate
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7
Q

Where does gluconeogensis occur?

A
  • mainly in liver

- small extent in renal cortex

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8
Q

What are the precursors of acetyl CoA?

A
  • pyruvate
  • AA
  • FA
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9
Q

Where can acetyl CoA be used?

A
  • TCA
  • ketone bodies
  • sterols
  • FAs
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10
Q

What cycles is AA metabolism important in?

A
  • Cori cycle

- glucose-alanine cycle

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11
Q

Is the glucose-alanine cycle active during the fed or fasting state?

A

prolonged fasting

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12
Q

Which AA is normally present in the blood in much higher concentrations than other AAs?

A

Glutamine

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13
Q

What AA serves as a source of amino groups in a variety of biosynthetic reactions?

A

Glutamine

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14
Q

Excess of what can lead to metabolic acidosis?

A

ketone bodies in blood

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15
Q

Glutamine and metabolic acidosis

A

increase in glutamine processing by the kidneys

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16
Q

What does free ammonia react with during metabolic acidosis?

A

form salts and excreted

17
Q

What process is occurring with carbs in the fed state?

A
  • glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle

- glycerol and FAs- TAGs

18
Q

Where are lipids stored during the fed state?

A
  • chylomicrons (TAG)

- AT-TAG storage

19
Q

What occurs with the proteins in the well fed state?

A
  • various tissues for protein synthesis
  • hemes and other cofactors
  • degraded for small amount of energy
20
Q

What occurs with the insulin and blood glucose levels during the early fasting state?

A

Decreasing

21
Q

What occurs with the glucagon levels during the early fasting state?

A

increasing

22
Q

What occurs with glycogenolysis during the early fasting state?

A

increasing

23
Q

What occurs with the gluconeogensis during the early fasting state?

A

increasing

24
Q

What happens to glycogen in the fasting state (after 30h)?

A

liver glycogen depleted

25
Q

What generates the glucose during the fasting state (after 30h)?

A

gluconeogensis generates all

26
Q

What is the source of glucose in the fasting state (after 30h)?

A

TAG- glycerol

27
Q

What stimulates the protein breakdown in the fasting state (after 30h)?

A

Glucagon

28
Q

What is generated during the fasting state (after 30h)?

A

ammonia

29
Q

What cycle is activated in the fasting state (30h)?

A

Urea cycle in liver

30
Q

What is the source of energy in starvation?

A

FAs and AT

31
Q

What happens with ketone bodies during starvation?

A
  • increase in blood

- brain uses

32
Q

What happens with gluconeogenesis during starvation?

A

occurs at lower rate in liver

33
Q

What occurs during phase I of glucose homeostasis?

A
  • exogenous origin of glucose
  • all tissues use
  • brain = glucose
34
Q

What occurs during phase II of glucose homeostasis?

A
  • glycogen and hepatic gluconeogenesis = origin
  • all muscles except liver use
  • brain = glucose
35
Q

What occurs during phase III of glucose homeostasis?

A
  • hepatic gluconeogensis, glycogen origin
  • all muscles except liver use
  • brain = glucose
36
Q

What occurs during phase IV of glucose homeostasis?

A
  • gluconeogenesis, hepatic and renal origin
  • Brain, RBCs, renal medulla use
  • brain = glucose, ketone bodies
37
Q

What occurs during phase V of glucose homeostasis?

A
  • gluconeogenesis, hepatic and renal origin
  • Brain at diminished rate, RBCs, renal medulla use
  • brain = ketone bodies

BioChem Exam 2 (6 decks)

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