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Biochemistry > Integration of Metabolism > Flashcards

Integration of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is impotant about glucose 6 phosphate, pyruvate and acetyl CoA?

A

They serve as metabolic junction points.

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2
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate can be converted into what three molecules?

A

Glycogen

Pyruvate

Ribos-5P

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3
Q

Pyruvate can be converted into what four molecules?

A

acetyl CoA, lactate, alanine and oxaloacetate

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4
Q

Acetyl CoA can be converted into what three molecules?

A

carbon dioxide, fatty acids and ketone bodies

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5
Q

In the liver, lipid and amino acid breakdown is stimulated by what?

A

glucocorticoids.

It is distributed as ketone bodies in the bloodstream

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6
Q

Ketone bodies are used in what type of tissues

A

All tissues

They are used for ATP production

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7
Q

In the liver, what two processes are stimulated by glucocoricoids and glucagon/epinephrine?

A

gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

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8
Q

In adipose tissue, triglyceride breakdown is stimulated by what molecules?

A

glucocorticoids

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9
Q

In skeletal muscle, what breaks down protein?

A

cathepsins

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10
Q

In skeletal muscle, protein beakdown is used for what two mechanisms?

A

gluconeogenesis and ketone body production

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11
Q

In skeletal muscle, glycogen breakdown and glycolysis are stimulated by what molecules?

A

glucagon and epinephrine

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12
Q

In skeletal muscle, what is made from glycogen breakdown and glycolysis?

A

lactic acid

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13
Q

In skeletal muscle, glycogen breakdown and glycolysis allow for the glycogen breakdown and glycolysis. What is produced?

A

lactic acid

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14
Q

What is considered the “number one metabolic player” in the body?

A

The liver

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15
Q

Why does the liver have such a quick response to dietary conditions?

A

Becasue of its rapid turnover of its enzymes.

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16
Q

What organ proesses most of the incoming nutrients?

A

the liver

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17
Q

What metabolic pathway does the liver depend on for its own energy needs?

A

beta oxidation of fatty acids.

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18
Q

After absorption, where do amino acids directly go to?

A

the liver through the portan vein

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19
Q

What does the liver use amino acids for?

A

proteins

gluconeogenesis

biosynthesis of nitrogen containing molecules

fuel

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20
Q

True or false: the liver normally fuels the body by releasing its fat stores during fasting

A

false

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21
Q

What type of tissue stores triglycerides and releases fatty acids and glycerol?

A

adipose tissue

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22
Q

What causes the released of fatty acids and glycerol from fatty acid tissue?

A

glucagon and epinephrine

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23
Q

What protein assists in transporting fatty acids in the blood?

A

albumin

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24
Q

Brown fat has a high level of what substance?

A

thermogenin.

It is metabolically activated by cold exposure

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25
Q

What enzymes convert triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol?

A

cAMP-activated lipases

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26
Q

What system is used for short-term energy?

A

phosphagen system

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27
Q

What energy system is used for short-term energy?

A

anaerobic glycolysis

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28
Q

What energy system is used for long term energy?

A

oxidative system

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29
Q

Once ATP is exhausted, it is replenished by what enzyme?

A

phosphocreatine

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30
Q

How long does phosphocreatine last?

A

approximately ten seconds

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31
Q

The muscle and the liver are both involved in what process?

A

The cori cycle.

It allows for the regeneration of glucose from lactate.

The liver gonverts lactate into glucose, which is then sent to the muscle and converted into glycogen.

32
Q

The brain is dependent on blood glucose at ___ to maintain ion gradients.

A

4.5 mM

33
Q

How much of the total oxygen consumed does the brain use?

A

20%

34
Q

After several days of low glucose intake, what does the brain use as fuel?

A

keton bodies

35
Q

Does cardiac muscle use aerobic or anaerobic mechanisms to attain fuel?

A

aerobic only

36
Q

What pathway is inhibited by the action of insulin?

A

gluconeogenesis

37
Q

As glucose uptake increases, the activity of what transporter is increased?

A

glucose transporter

38
Q

As glucose uptake increaes, the activity of what enzyme also increases?

A

glucokinase

39
Q

As glycogen synthesis increases, the activity of what enzyme increases?

A

glycogen synthase

40
Q

As glycogen breakdown DEcreases, the activity of what enzyme DEcreases?

A

glycogen phosphorylase

41
Q

As glycolysis increases, the activity of what enzyme increases?

A

PFK-1

42
Q

As fatty acid synthesis increases, the activity of what enzyme increases?

A

acetyl-CoA carboxylase

43
Q

As TAG sysnthesis increases, the activity of what enzyme increases?

A

lipoprotein lipase

44
Q

What is the only organ capable of carring out all of the reactions of the major biochmeical pathways?

A

The liver

45
Q

What pathway is inhibited by the action of insulin?

A

gluconeogenesis

46
Q

what type of receptor is the insulin receptor?

A

receptor tyrosine kinase

47
Q

As glucose uptake increases, the activity of what enzym also increases?

A

GLUT4 (muscle, adipose)

Glucokinase (liver)

48
Q

As glycogen synthesis increases, the activity of what enzyme also increases?

A

glycogen synthase

49
Q

As glycogen breakdown decreases, the activity of what enzyme also decreases?

A

glycogen phosphorylase

50
Q

As glycolysis acitivty increases, the acitivity ofo what enzyme also increases?

A

PFK-1

51
Q

As fatty acid synthesis increases, the activity of what enzyme also increases?

A

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

52
Q

As TAG synthesis increases, the acitivity of what enzyme also increases?

A

lipoprotein lipase

53
Q

Insuling binding triggers auto-phosophorylation at what amino acid?

A

tyrosine

54
Q

An increase in the fight or flight response causes what to happen to glucose?

A

it is more readily broken down

55
Q

As the fight or flight response increases, how is glucagon secretion affected?

A

it increases

56
Q

The glucagon receptor acts through what type of proteins?

A

G proteins.

57
Q

During a well-fed state, what hormone is active in the liver?

A

insulin

58
Q

During a well-fed state, What hormone is present in adipose?

A

insulin

59
Q

In the well-fed state, what are some processes that occur in the liver?

A

cholesterol synthesis, triglyceride synthesis, fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis

60
Q

In the well-fed state, what are some processes that are active in adipose tissue?

A

cholesterol synthesis, fatty acid synthesis, triglyceride synthesis, glycolysis, pentose shunt

61
Q

In the fasting state, what are some processes that occur in the liver?

A

ketone body synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis

62
Q

In the fasting state, what hormone is present in the liver?

A

glucagon or epinephrine

63
Q

In the fasting state, what hormone is present in adipose tissue?

A

glucagon

64
Q

In the fasting state, what are some processes that take place in adipose tissue?

A

triglyceride breakdown, fatty acid oxidation

65
Q

In the fasting state, what are some processes that take place in the muscle?

A

ketone body utilization, fatty acid oxidation

66
Q

At high energy, there are ___ levels of ATP and NADH and ___ levels of NAD+.

A

high, low

67
Q

When there is high energy, what molecule is favored?

A

DHAP; it is converted to G3P (Fat)

68
Q

What is the cellular energy sensor?

A

AMP-activated protein kinase

69
Q

When ATP is ____, AMPK is inactivated

A

high

70
Q

When ATP is ___, AMPK is allosterically activated.

A

Low

71
Q

The ____ between ATP and AMP for binding to the AMPK allosteric sites determines the activity of AMPK.

A

competition

72
Q

True or false: AMPK activates glucose uptake and glycolysis

A

True

73
Q

True or false: AMPK inhibits insulin secretion

A

True

74
Q

What is leptin?

A

a molecule that is released from fat and signals the hypothalamus that an organism is full.

75
Q

What does caloric restriction result in?

A

lower blood glucose levels

declines in glycogen and fat stores

enhanced response to insulin

lower body temperature

76
Q

What is the effect of deleting the SIR2 gene?

A

it abolishes the ability of caloric restriction to lengthen life in yeast and roundworms

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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