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Cardiovascular Monica xx > Integration if the Cardiovascular Mechanisms > Flashcards

Integration if the Cardiovascular Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

What are the arteries

A

passage of blood from heart to tissues

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2
Q

what are the arterioles

A

major resistance vessels

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3
Q

what are capillaries

A

site of gas exchange of gas, nutrients and water between blood and tissues

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4
Q

what are veins

A

capacitance vessels
passageways of blood from tissues to heart
contain most of blood volume under resting conditions

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5
Q

what must venous return provide

A

heart with sufficient blood to pump

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6
Q

Regulation of heart rate

A

autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

regulation of stroke volume

A

pre-load

myocardial contractility

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8
Q

cardiac output =

A

HR x SV

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9
Q

mean arterial blood pressure =

A

CO x systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

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10
Q

MAP =

A

DBP + 1/3 pulse pressure

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11
Q

Main site of systemic vascular resistance

A

arterioles

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12
Q

contraction of vascular smooth muscles =

A

vasoconstriction

increase SVR and MAP

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13
Q

relaxation of vascular smooth muscle =

A

vasodilation

decrease SVR and MAP

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14
Q

vascular smooth muscles are controlled by what type of mechanisms

A

extrinsic

intrinsic

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15
Q

resistance to blood flow = directly proportional to

A

blood viscosity

length of blood vessels

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16
Q

resistance to blood flow = indirectly proportional to

A

radius of blood vessel

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17
Q

resistance to blood flow is mainly controlled by

A

vascular smooth muscles through changes in the radius of the arterioles

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18
Q

what’s involved in extrinsic control of VSM

A

nerves and hormones

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19
Q

explain nerves as an extrinsic control of vascular smooth muscle

A 
B.P. regulation
Baroreceptor reflux
sympathetic nerves
neurotransmitter = noradrenaline acting on a receptors
vasomotor tone
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20
Q

explain vasomotor tone

A

partially constricted at rest
caused by - tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves
releases - noradrenaline

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21
Q

increased sympathetic tone will _______ vasomotor tone resulting in _____

A

increase

vasoconstriction

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22
Q

explain hormones as an extrinsic control of vascular smooth muscle

A

adrenaline
acting on a receptor = vasoconstriction
B2 recepetor = vasodilation

23
Q

where are a receptors found

A

skin
gut
kidney arterioles

24
Q

where are B2 receptors found

A

cardiac

skelteal muscle

25
Q

name hormones which affect vascular smooth muscle

A

angiotensin 2

antidiuretic hormone

26
Q

angiotensin 2 causes

A

vasoconstriction

27
Q

antidiuretic hormone causes

A

vasoconstriction

28
Q

what does intrinsic control of vacsuclar smooth muscle match

A

blood flow if different tissues to heir metabolic needs

chemical and physical factors

29
Q

chemical local metabolites

A

influence contraction

30
Q

list factors causing relaxation of arterial smooth muscles

A 
decreased PO2
increased PCO2
increased H+
increase K+
increased osmolarity
adenosine release
31
Q

relaxation of vascular smooth muscles results in

A

vasodilation

metabolic hyperaemia

32
Q

humoral agents cause vasodilation

A

histamine
bradykinin
nitric oxide

33
Q

key features of nitric oxide

A

continuously produced vascular endothelium
potent vasodilator
flow dependent - no formation
receptor stimulated - no formation

34
Q

humoral agents causing vasoconstriction

A

serotonin
thromboxane A2
leukotrienes
endothelin (potent vasoconstrictor)

35
Q

explain endothelian

A

important in maintenance of vascular health

damage caused - high BP high cholesterol diabetes smoking

36
Q

endothelial produced vasodilator are -

A

anti-thrombotic
anti-inflammatory
anti-oxidants

37
Q

endothelial produced vasoconstrictors are

A

pro-thrombotic
pro-inflammatory
pro-oxidants

38
Q

physical intrinsic control of VSM

A

temp
myogenic response
sheer stress

39
Q

cold temp cuases

A

vasoconctstriction

40
Q

warm temp causes

A

vasodilation

41
Q

myogenic response explain

A

MAP rises - constrict

MAP falls - dilate

42
Q

myogenic response important in

A

brain

kidneys

43
Q

local control of SVR immediate or delayed

A

immediate

overrides nervous control

44
Q

list factors influencing incresedvenous return

A

increased venomotor tone
increased skeletal muscle pump
increased blood volume
increased respiratory pump

45
Q

increased venous return leads to

A

increased arterial pressure
increases EDV
increased stroke volume

46
Q

increased venomotor tone leads to

A

increased venous return, SV and MAP

47
Q

venous smooth muscles are supplied by what

A

sympathetic nerve fibres

48
Q

stimulation of sympathetic nerve fibres

A

venous constriction - venous valves - blood driven to RA

49
Q

what increases venous return to the heart

A

increasing rate and depth of breathing

muscle activity

50
Q

acute CVS response to exercise

A

sympathetic increases
HR, SV = CO increases
vasomotor nerves = reduce flow to kidneys + gut (vasoconstriction)
skeletal + cardiac muscle = vasodialtion
blood flow to skeletal + cardiac muscle = increase
increased CO = increased systolic BP decreased SVR decreased DBP

51
Q

explain how sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate

A

increases rate of firing of SA node
decreases AV nodal delay
(also increases force of contraction)

52
Q

sympathetic stimulation on pacemaker cells

A

slope increases
potential reached quicker
frequency increases
positive chronotropic effect

53
Q

sympathetic nerve stimulation on ventricular contraction

A

contractility of heart given EDV rises

Frank-Starling curve to left

54
Q

chronic CVS response to exercise

A

regular - reduce B.P.
multifactorial
e.g. reduction in sympathetic tone and noradrenaline levels

Cardiovascular Monica xx (6 decks)

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