Cardiovascular Histology

Question 1

2 circulatory systems

Answer 1

cardiovascular symptom

lymphatic vascular systems

Question 2

cardiovascular system

Answer 2

closed system

heart, arteries, capillaries + veins

Question 3

roles of cardiovascular system

Answer 3

transport of O2 + nutrients to tissues
transport of CO2 + other metabolic waste from tissues
temperature regulation
distribution of hormones + immune cells
reproductive function in males = penile erection

Question 4

where is blood in body

Answer 4

peripheral veins (65%)
heart + lungs (20%)
peripheral arteries (10%)
capillaries (5%)

Question 5

blood vessel layers

Answer 5

inner = tunica intima
middle = tunica media
outer = tunica adventitia

Question 6

tunica intima

Answer 6

endothelial cells

Question 7

tunica media

Answer 7

smooth muscle

Question 8

tunica adventitia

Answer 8

supporting connective tissue

Question 9

tunica intima = separated from tunica by

Answer 9

internal elastic membrane

Question 10

tunica media = separated from tunica adventitia by

Answer 10

external elastic membrane

Question 11

largest arteries

Answer 11

elastic arteries

Question 12

elastic arteries = own vascular supply

Answer 12

vasa vasorum

Question 13

role of arterioles

Answer 13

controlling blood flow in tissues

Question 14

what are capillaries composed of

Answer 14

endothelial cells + basal lamina

Question 15

what are pericytes

Answer 15

outside basal lamina
connective tissue cells
contractile properties

Question 16

3 types of capillary

Answer 16

continuous capillaries
fenestrated capillaries
sinusoidal or discontinuous capillaries

Question 17

continuous capillaries location

Answer 17

muscle
connective tissues
lung
skin
nerve

Question 18

fenestrated capillaries location

Answer 18

mucosa of gut
endocrine glands
glomeruli of kidney

Question 19

sinusoidal or discontinuous location

Answer 19

liver
spleen
bone

Question 20

capillary networks drain into

Answer 20

post capillary venules

Question 21

what are post capillary . venules

Answer 21

endothelial cell lined + thin layer of connective tissue + occasional pericytes

Question 22

importance of post capillary venules

Answer 22

exchange

cells moves into tissue for inflammation

Question 23

largest veins

Answer 23

vena cava/ hepatic portal vein

Question 24

veins flexibility characteristic

Answer 24

accomodate expansion

contain most of blood

Question 25

3 layers of heart

Answer 25

``` endocardium = inner layer myocardium = middle layer epicardium = outer layer ```

Question 26

endocardium

Answer 26

inner surface endothelial cells fibrous tissue cardiac muscle

Question 27

subendocardium

Answer 27

endothelial cells fibrous tissue cardiac muscle purkinjie fibres

Question 28

myocardium

Answer 28

thick middle layer bundle + layers of contractile cardiac fibres individual muscle fibres = delicate, collagenous connective tissue + rich network of capillaries

Question 29

epicardium

Answer 29

outer layer flattened epithelium = mesothelium basal lamina fibroelastic connective tissue

Question 30

2 parts of pericardium

Answer 30

fibrous pericardium | serous pericardium

Question 31

fibrous pericardium

Answer 31

tough fibrocollagenous connective tissue

Question 32

serous pericardium

Answer 32

simple squamous epithelium basal lamina connective tissue

Question 33

parietal serous pericardium

Answer 33

serous pericardium lines inner surface of fibrous pericardium

Question 34

visceral serous pericardium

Answer 34

serous epicardium covers heart surface

Question 35

how is the fibrous skeleton of the heart formed

Answer 35

thick bands of fibrous connective tissues around heart valves between atria + ventricles

Question 36

connective tissue of heart

Answer 36

supports valves | attachment for cardiac muscle fibres

Question 37

heart valve structure

Answer 37

``` outer endothelial layer + basal lamina collagen + elastin fibres layer core dense connective tissue = lamina fibrosa papillary muscles chordae tendineae ```

Question 38

do the valves contain blood vessels

Answer 38

no blood vessels

Question 39

lamina fibrosa

Answer 39

heart valve core dense irregular connective tissue continuous with fibrous skeleton covered both sides by endothelium

Question 40

types of cardiac muscle

Answer 40

contractile cells pacemaker cells conducting cells

Question 41

pacemaker cells

Answer 41

``` highly specialised muscle cells appear pale few myofibrils little glycogen no proper T-tube system ```

Question 42

sequence of events from junction of atria

Answer 42

``` junction of atria AV node picks up depolarisation delay then rapid interventricular septum atrioventricular bundle left + right bundle branches = downwards reach inferior tip = upwards Purkinjie fibres ```

Question 43

fibrous skeleton role

Answer 43

physical support | electrically isolates atria from ventricles

Question 44

purkinjie fibres

Answer 44

``` larger than normal cardiac muscle cells found = subendocardial layer abundant glycogen no T-tubules no intercalated discs sparse actin + mysin filaments = periphery pale celar centre ```

Question 45

purkinjie fibres role

Answer 45

distribute excitatory activity e.g. ventricular contraction

Question 46

what is the lymph vascular system made up of

Answer 46

lymphatic vessels that drain tissue fluid - eventually returning it to veins in base of neck

Question 47

blind sacs develop into

Answer 47

lymphatic capillaries

Question 48

what does interstitial fluid contain

Answer 48

ions lipids proteins occasional cells

Question 49

lymph passes through lymph nodes for

Answer 49

immunological surveillance

Question 50

what produces flow in lymphatic vessels

Answer 50

no central pump | SM in walls, hydrostatic pressure in tissues + compression of vessels by voluntary muscles