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Physiology Exam 1 > Integration, Communication, Homeostasis > Flashcards

Integration, Communication, Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Second messenger that binds Calcium channels of endoplasmic reticulum

A

Inositol triphosphate (IP3)

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2
Q

GPCR also uses lipid-derived 2nd messengers. Name the 3 messengers.

A

Phospholipase C
Diaglycerol (DAG)
Inositol triphosphate (IP3)

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3
Q

Name the important intracellular signal

A

Calcium

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4
Q

Calcium enters the cell via what kind of channels?

A

Gated channels

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5
Q

Short-acting paracrine/autocrine signaling molecule that acts close to where they are produced

A

Soluble Gases

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6
Q

Calcium binds to ___ or other regulatory proteins to trigger cell function

A

Calmodulin

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7
Q

Functions of nitric oxide

A

Vasodilator
Neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the brain

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8
Q

Function of carbon monoxide

A

Activates GUANYLYL CYCLASE and targets SMOOTH muscle and neural tissue

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9
Q

Function of hydrogen sulfide

A

Targets cardiovascular system to relax blood vessels

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10
Q

Synthesis process of eicosanoids

A

Arachidonic acid cycle

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11
Q

Arachidonic acid is produced by the action of this enzyme

A

PLA2

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12
Q

How are leukotrienes produced? What is their role?

A

Produced via action of lipoxygenase on AA; role in asthma/anaphylaxis

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13
Q

How are prostanoids produced? What is their role?

A

Produced via action of COX on AA; prevent inflammation via inhibiting COX

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14
Q

The alpha isoform has a higher affinity for _______

A

Norepinephrine

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15
Q

The beta isoform has higher affinity for _____

A

Epinephrine

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16
Q

Blocks receptor entirely - no repsonse

A

Antagonist

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17
Q

Can activate a receptor but takes up binding site. Can still produce a response.

A

Agonist

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18
Q

Cell’s ability to respond to chemical signal is limited by # of receptors for that signal

A

Saturation

19
Q

Decrease in # of receptors
(Cell can remove receptors via endocytosis)

A

Down Regulation

20
Q

Target cells insert more receptors into the membrane

A

Up-regulation

21
Q

Regulation is not “on” or “off” but is regularly mediated up or down

A

Tonic Control

22
Q

What is antagonistic control and give example

A

How systems regulate and control opposing actions

Ex: parasympathetic and sympathetic NS

23
Q

What happens to blood vessels under tonic control with decreased and increased signals?

A

Decreased - dilation
Increased - constricts

24
Q

Compares input signal with setpoint

A

Integrating center

25
Q

3 major components of reflex pathway

A

Input, Integrating Center, Output

26
Q

Simple reflex system uses ___ OR ____ ; complex uses ___

A

Simple carried out by EITHER endocrine or nervous; complex uses both

27
Q

The transmission of info from one side of a membrane to another using membrane proteins

A

Signal Transduction

28
Q

The 2nd messenger is formed via intracellular molecules and can alter what 3 things?

A

Ion channels, calcium, enzyme activity

29
Q

The extracellular signal is 1st messenger that activates what 2 things?

A

Protein kinases
Amplifier enzymes

30
Q

List the order of basic signal transduction pathway

A

External signal
Receptor
Transducer
Amplifier
RESPONSE

31
Q

Function of protein kinases

A

Transfer phosphate group from ATP to a protein

32
Q

Function of amplifier enzymes

A

Activate intracellular 2nd messengers

33
Q

Signal transduction pathways form a ____

A

Cascade

34
Q

Ligand binding to receptor channels changes _____

A

Ion permeability

35
Q

Most signal transduction uses what kind of proteins?

A

G proteins

36
Q

Many lipophobic hormones use what kind of pathways for signal transduction?

A

GPCR - cAMP pathways

37
Q

Chemicals released by NEURONs into the blood for action at distant targets

A

Neurohormones

38
Q

The only means by which electrical signals can pass directly from cell to cell

A

Gap Junctions

39
Q

Example of a paracrine signal

A

Histamine (released by damaged cells)

40
Q

Peptides synthesized by all nucleated cells in response to stimulus (regulatory protein)

A

Cytokines

41
Q

Which are made on demand and which are stored in advance in the endocrine cells?

A

Cytokines - on demand
Classic hormones - in advance

42
Q

Membrane receptor where ligand binding opens an ion channel or alters enzyme activity

A

G protein - coupled

43
Q

Membrane receptor in which ligand binding opens or closes the channel

A

Receptor-channel

44
Q

4 methods of cell to cell communication

A

Gap junctions
Contact-dependent signals
Local communication
Long Distance communication

Physiology Exam 1 (3 decks)

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