Cascades And Amplification Table

Question 1

What is cAMP made from and what is it’s amplifier enzyme?
What receptor is it linked to?

Answer 1

Made from: ATP
Amplifier: Adenylyl Cyclase
Receptor: GPCR

Question 2

What is cGMP made from and what is it’s amplifier enzyme?
What is it linked to?

Answer 2

Made from: GTP
Amplifier: Guanylyl cyclase
Linked to: receptor-enzyme (membrane) AND nitric oxide (cytosol)

Question 3

What is IP3 and DAG made from and what is it’s amplifier enzyme?
What is it linked to?

Answer 3

Made from: Membrane phospholipids
Amplifier: phospholipase C
Linked to: GPCR

Question 4

What is the function of Ca2+ and its effects (4)?

Answer 4

Functions: Binds to calmodulin and other proteins
Effects: alter enzyme activity, exocytosis, muscle contraction, channel opening

Question 5

Action and effects of cAMP

Answer 5

Action: Activates protein kinases (PKA) and binds to ion channels

Effects: phosphorylates proteins, alters channel opening

Question 6

Action and effects of cGMP in the membrane vs cytosol

Answer 6

Membrane
Action: Activates protein kinases (PKG)
Effects: phosphorylates proteins

Cytosol
Action: binds to ion channels
Effects: alters channel opening

Question 7

Action of IP3

Answer 7

Action: Releases calcium from intracellular stores

Question 8

Action and effects of DAG

Answer 8

Action: activates protein kinase C

Effect: phosphorylates proteins