Integration and Synthesis of Proteins and Enzymes

Question 1

The basic unit of a living organism

Answer 1

Cell

Question 2

Biochemical features of living organisms

Answer 2

Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

Question 3

A bond that links protein polymer(s) of an amino acid

Answer 3

Peptide Bonds

Question 4

Functions of proteins

Answer 4

Structure (cytoskeleton), catalysis (enzymes), locomotion (actin and myosin), protection (antibodies), cellular communication (receptors), transport (hemoglobin and channels), storage (myoglobin), and energy source.

Question 5

Hydrophobic amino acids

Answer 5

Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline, Methionine, Phenylanaline, and Tryptophan

Question 6

Polar uncharged amino acids

Answer 6

Cysteine, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Asparagine, and Glutamine

Question 7

Polar charged amino acids

Answer 7

Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, Histidine, Lysine, and Arginine

Question 8

Primary protein organization

Answer 8

Sequence of amino acids from N-terminus to C-terminus

Question 9

Secondary protein organization

Answer 9

Intramolecular H-bonding in the amino acid skeleton and the existence of spagial arrangement: a-helix, B-sheet, and random coil

Question 10

Tertiary protein organization

Answer 10

3D organization of polypeptide chains and contains intramolecular bonding between R-groups

Question 11

Intramolecular bonding under tertiary protein organization

Answer 11

Disulfide bonds, H-bonding, Electrostatic, Hydrophobic interaction, and Metal ion complexation.

Question 12

Quaternary protein arrangement

Answer 12

Arrangement of sub-units (polypeptide chains) in the complex protein

Question 13

Sample proteins

Answer 13

Hemoglobin and myoglobin, insulin and glucagon, and immunoglobulin

Question 14

Denaturation

Answer 14

Destruction of protein structure causing loss of enzyme activity

Question 15

Denaturing agents

Answer 15

Heat, chaotropic agents (urea, alcohol, detergent), and reducing agents (mercaptoethanol)

Question 16

These are polymers of amino acids

Answer 16

Proteins

Question 17

These are chemical groups attached to an a-carbon

Answer 17

Amino group, carboxyl group, and side chain group (R)

Question 18

All amino acids have at least one chiral center, except for?

Answer 18

Glycine

Question 19

Two stereoisomers

Answer 19

L and D-Amino acid

Question 20

Majority of amino acids are in what configuration?

Answer 20

L-configuration

Question 21

Molecules that contain both positive and negative chargesa

Answer 21

Zwitterion

Question 22

Bronsted Acid

Answer 22

Proton donator

Question 23

Bronsted Base

Answer 23

Proton acceptor

Question 24

This yields the different ionisation states of amino acids

Answer 24

Titration of amino acids

Question 25

The pH at which the net charge of an amino acid or peptide is zero

Answer 25

Isoelectric pH (pI)

Question 26

Amide bond between an a-carboxyl group of one amino acid and the a-amino group of another acid

Answer 26

Peptide bond

Question 27

This aids in the linkage of two or more amino acids

Answer 27

Peptide bonds

Question 28

Peptide direction

Answer 28

From N-terminus (free amino group) to C-terminus (free carboxyl group)