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Body logistics > Integrating cells into tissues, organs and systems > Flashcards

Integrating cells into tissues, organs and systems Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tissue

A

a collection of cells that are adapted t perform a specific function

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2
Q

what is an organ

A

two or more tissues combined to create a structural unit that has a particular function that are a sum of its parts

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2
Q

what is an organ

A

two or more tissues combined to create a structural unit that has a particular function that are a sum of its parts

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3
Q

where are epithelial cells derived from

A

all three layers of trilaminar disc (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

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4
Q

what holds cells together

A
  • cell-cell adhesion molecules
  • extracellular matrix proteins (fibres)
  • internal-external scaffolding
  • close proximity (pressure effects)
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5
Q

epithelial tissue organisation

A
  • epithelial cell sheets line all the cavities and free surfaces of the body
  • epithelia rest on a supporting bed of connective tissues through a basement membrane
  • the supporting bed attaches epithelial layer to other tissues e.g. muscle
  • specialised junctions between epithelial cells make/form tissue barriers to inhibit movement of water, solutes and cells between compartments
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6
Q

epithelial cell adherence systems in the lateral surface

A
  • join to similar types of epithelial cells
  • tight junctions
  • adherens junctions
  • desmosome (adhesion plaque)
  • gap junctions
  • cell adhesion molecules
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7
Q

epithelial cell adherence systems in the basal surface

A
  • hold epithelial cells to basement membrane
  • hemi-desmosome
  • focal adhesions
  • integrins
  • proteoglycans
  • cell adhesion molecules
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8
Q

tight junctions

A
  • always at very top of the cell nearest to lumen/apical surface
  • relatively long cell-cell fusion point
  • prevents movement of larger molecules through outer layer/lumen into deeper tissue layers of organ
  • in the gut can open to allow small molecules to cross - paracellular transport
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9
Q

adhesion junctions

A
  • 1/3 distance from luminal/apical surface
  • found in pairs
  • formed from intracellular actin filaments
  • linked to E-cadherin proteins that cross intercellular space
  • found throughout adhesion belt
  • only epithelial and endothelial cells
  • tissue stabilising factor and additional transport barrier
  • interdigitate to hold cells together
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10
Q

desmosomes

A
  • 1/2 way between top and bottom of cell
  • strongest of all cell-cell adhesions
  • random distribution pattern
  • found in tissues that experience intense mechanical stress (cardiac muscle, bladder, GI mucosa, pregnant uterus)
  • cytokeratin fibres intracellularly and E-cadherins intercellularly
  • provides mechanical strength and prevents tissue destruction
  • only cell-cell adhesion found in upper epidermal cells
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11
Q

gap junctions

A
  • close to basal surface
  • throughout cardiac and smooth muscle cells
  • to quickly communicate changes in intercellular molecular composition
  • allows free movement of small molecules between cells
  • important in smooth muscle contraction - wave of electrical impulse
  • consists of connexins (cylinders of proteins) arranged in a hexagonal pattern that open and close
  • only motile cells like spermatazoa and RBCs don’t have gap junctions
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12
Q

hemi-desmosome

A
  • only on basal surface
  • attach to layer of extracellular matrix (e.g. fibronectin, collagen and laminin fibres)
  • intracellular filaments of cytokeratin attached to laminin through integrins
  • basal lamina attaches to connective tissue layer through elastin, fibrillin and collagen
  • to anchor epithelial cells to basal lamina and prevent loss to external surface
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13
Q

focal adhesions

A
  • attachment to basal lamina
  • intracellular actin filaments binds to fibronectins through integrins
  • when bound to fibronectin, conformational change results in binding to collagen fibres
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14
Q

integrins

A
  • found throughout the body
  • central to cohesive forces holding tissues together
  • work as alpha-beta dimer
  • weak binders of extracellular matrix as dimer pair
  • phosphorylation by focal adhesion kinase produces heterotetramer with greater binding capacity so stronger bond
  • e.g. skin, blastocyst attachment to endometrium
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15
Q

basement membrane layers

A
  • basal lamina
  • lamina reticularis
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16
Q

basal lamina

A

lamina lucida
- clear layer
- integrins
- laminins
- collagen IV and XVII
- dystroglycans

lamina densa
- dense layer
- collagen IV
- entactin/nidogen
- perlecan
- heparin sulfate proteoglycans

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17
Q

lamina reticularis

A
  • even denser layer
  • collagen I, III, V
  • proteoglycans
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18
Q

collagen IV

A
  • holds the layers of basement membrane together
  • mutation = epithelial tissues fall apart
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19
Q

function of adherence proteins

A
  • maintain survival and structure of cells and tissues
  • prevent pathogens gaining entry to internal environment
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20
Q

function of tight junctions

A

seals neighbouring cells together in an epithelial sheet to prevent leakage of molecules between them

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21
Q

function of adhesion junctions

A

joins an actin bundle in one cell to a similar bundle in neighbouring cell

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22
Q

function of desmosome

A

joins intermediate filaments in once cell to those in a neighbour

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23
Q

function of gap junction

A

allows passage of small water-soluble ions and molecules

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24
Q

function of hemidesmosome

A

anchors intermediate filaments in cell to basal lamina

25
Q

function of focal adhesions

A

anchors actin filaments in cell to basal lamina

26
Q

cells to tissues to organs

A
  • epithelial cells adhere to epithelial cell through cell surface proteins
  • epithelial cells adhere to basal lamina through cellular adhesion molecules
  • epithelial cells adhere to muscle cells through connective tissue fibres
  • tissues adhere to other types of tissues through connective tissue fibres
  • cells that touch each other communicate through gap junctions for effective functioning
27
Q

what is the mucosal membrane

A

the moist, inner lining of some organs and body cavities
- lines all the moist, hollow internal organs of the body e.g. GI, urinary, respiratory and urogenital
- continuous with skin at various body openings e.g. eyes, ears, lips, vagina
- most secrete mucus (containing mucins, electrolytes, antiseptic enzymes, immunoglobulins, water)

28
Q

layers of the GI tract

A

mucosa lining the lumen
- epithelial cell lining and supporting mesenchymal layer

muscularis mucosae
- thin discontinuous smooth muscle layer

submucosa
- connective tissue layer containing arteries and veins

muscularis externa
- smooth muscle layer with muscle fibres in two directions
- inner circular muscle and outer longitudinal muscle

serosa
- connective tissue layer containing collagen + elastin fibres, smaller arteries + veins, nerve fibres, outer layer of epithelial cells

29
Q

layers of the oesophagus

A

mucosa
- epithelium - stratified squamous non-keratinised
- lamina propria
- muscularis mucosa

submucosa
muscularis externa

30
Q

what is lamina propria

A

connective tissue found under thin layer of tissues covering a mucous membrane

31
Q

what is the submucosa

A

subtending layer of connective tissue containing mucus-secreting glands (joins mucosa to muscularis externa)

32
Q

what is the muscularis externa

A

smooth muscle layers that return organ to original dimensions - circular inner muscles and longitudinal outer muscle

33
Q

layers of the stomach

A

mucosa
- epithelium
- very thin lamina propria
- muscularis mucosae

submucosa
muscularis externa
rugae

34
Q

function of gastric mucosa

A

secerets acid, digestive enzymes and hormone gastrin

35
Q

how many layers of smooth muscle in gastric muscularis externa

A

3 - oblique, circular, longitudinal

36
Q

what are rugae (stomach)

A

folds of gastric mucosa forming longitudinal ridges in empty stomach

37
Q

layers of the jejunum

A

mucosa
- simple columnar epithelium
- lamina propria
- muscularis mucosae

submucosa
muscularis externa
plicae circulares

38
Q

what are plicae circulares (jejunum)

A

circular fold of mucosa and submucoase that project into gut lumen

39
Q

layers of the large intestine (colon)

A

mucosa
- simple columnar epithelium (crypts of Lieberkuhn)
- thin lamina propria
- thin musuclaris mucosae

submucosa
- very big

muscularis externa

40
Q

what are crypts of Lieberkuhn (colon)

A
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • produce mucus and supply cells to surface
41
Q

function of mucosa in GI tract

A
  • absorb substances from lumen
  • prevent ingress of pathogens
  • move contents and expel waste
42
Q

lining of corpuscle (urinary tract)

A

squamous epithelium

43
Q

lining of collecting ducts (urinary tract)

A

cuboidal epithelium

44
Q

specialisation in proximal tubules

A

ciliated surface

45
Q

layers of ureter

A
  • lumen
  • transitional epithelium (urothelium)
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosa
  • inner longitudinal muscle
  • outer circular muscle
46
Q

layers of bladder

A
  • lumen
  • transitional epithelium (urothelium)
  • lamina propria
  • muscular layer (detrusor muscle)
  • adventitia (fat cells)
47
Q

functions of urothelium

A
  • distensibility
  • produce mucus
  • protects bladder from damage by acidic urine
  • tight junctions and well packed to prevent leakage to inner cell layers
48
Q

layers of urethra

A
  • lumen
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • lamina propria containing mucous epithelial glands
  • smooth muscle
49
Q

function of mucus glands (urethra)

A

produce lots of sticky mucus to prevent ingress of pathogens

50
Q

function of urinary tract

A
  • absorption of essential nutrients in kidney
  • prevention of pathogen entry
  • removal of waste products
51
Q

2 parts of respiratory tract

A

conducting portion - nasal cavity to bronchioles
respiratory portion - respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

52
Q

layers of pharynx

A
  • stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium
  • lamina propria - elastic fibres
  • striated muscle wall
  • no muscularis mucosae or submucosa
53
Q

layers of trachea

A
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • mucous membrane
  • submucosa (seromucous glands)
  • hyaline cartilage ring
  • adventitia
54
Q

layers of trachea and primary bronchi

A

mucosa
- epithelium - several cells deep and covered in cilia
- connective tissue
- thin lamina propria
- no longitudinal muscularis mucosa

submucosa
- connective tissue - collagen, elastin, fibroblasts
- seromucous glands - watery mucous thickens during infection

C-shaped hyaline cartilage
- perichondrium - fibroblasts lay down collagen fibres
- chondrogenic - cartilage is formed

55
Q

secretions from epithelium and submucosal glands of trachea and bronchi

A
  • mucins and water - make sticky mucus
  • serum proteins - lubricates the surface
  • lysozyme - destroys bacteria
  • anti-proteases - inactivate bacterial enzymes
56
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

materials are moved to oral cavity to be swallowed using the mucus and a cilia wave

57
Q

goblet cells in trachea

A

produce mucus for mucociliary escalator

58
Q

layers of secondary + tertiary bronchi

A
  • pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
  • smooth muscle
  • seromucous glands in submucosa
  • crescent shaped cartilage
59
Q

structure of alveolus

A

capillaries lined with squamous epithelial cells (endothelium)
- attached to basal lamina with even thinner epithelial cells of air sac on opposite side

folds in basal lamina
- expansion of air sacs when air drawn into lungs

collagen at junction
- surrounded by layers of elastin fibres that provide elastic recoil to return sac to empty state when exhaling

connective tissue muscle layers in mucosa
- made from collagen and elastin fibres which are critical for normal lung function

Body logistics (20 decks)

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