Insulin Signaling and Diabetes

Question 1

Insulin is released from the ___________ in response to high plasma glucose.

Primary effects of insulin

(increase/decrease) glucose uptake into cells

Major impact mediated by _____________ and _________________

Which time is the highest insulin level?

Answer 1

Pancreases

Increases

skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

Breakfast

Question 2

True or False Statements for the Insulin Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism

__RTK present as a constrictive dimer (not active until ligand).

___IRS-1 is the substrate for phosphorylation binding by the insulin receptor

___ PIP3 is the ligand for the PDK

___mTOR is the key point for regulation of glycogen synthesis and insertions of GLUT Transporters

__ PP-1 is needed for reversible rxn of glycogen synthase and stimulation of glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 2

True

True

False, PIP3 serves as a binding site for PDK

False, Akt2 is the key point of regulation

True

Question 3

______________-deficiency in insulin regulation of glucose uptake by skeletal muscle combined with lack of negative control of glucose breakdown and positive control of glycogen synthesis.

Muscle use fatty acid as fuel can lead to ketoacidosis-acidification of blood, coma, death

Answer 3

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 4

Choose the best option

(Type 1 / Type II ) Diabetes

• autoimmune disease
• Immune system attacks and destroys pancreatic beta cells
• Symptoms can usually be overcome with insulin injection

Answer 4

Type I

Question 5

Choose the best option

(Type 1 / Type II ) Diabetes

• adult-onset, strong familial association, associated with central obesity
• Characterized by a decrease in insulin receptors or another defect in insulin signaling pathways leading to insulin resistane

Answer 5

Type II

Question 6

What is the major pharmacological treatment for type I diabetes?

Answer 6

Recombinant human insulin in E.coli bacteria

Question 7

What is the 2 pharmacological treatment in type II diabetes?

Answer 7

1. Rapid-acting injected insulin analogs are used in insulin pumps, aka continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) devices.

provide basal insulin replacement

2. Long-acting injected insulin

Insulin glargine forms clusters when it is injected under the skin. (slow break-up of the insulin cluster)

Insulin glargine is created through the manipulation of an amino acid sequence of human insulin.

Insulin detemir becomes attached to a blood protein, albumin.

Question 8

Please list the steps of the mechanism

Answer 8

Question 9

___________________ is a disease phenotype characterized by increased, usually irrgulat, insulin sercetion leading to hypoglycemia, coma, and severe brain damage.

Answer 9

Congenitital hyperinsulinism (CHI)

Question 10

____________________ gene give rise to certian forms of the disease: persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemi of infancy (PHHI), due to decreased K ATP channel function.

Answer 10

LOF mutations in KAtp channel subunit

Question 11

_____________- subunit genes lead to permanent neonatal disbates.

Quiet the cell –> cant release insulin

Answer 11

GOF mutations in KATP channel