Instruments

Question 0

How does warm air affect indicated altitude?

Answer 0

Will cause indicated altitude to be > true altitude (warm air increases press) [altimeter does not correct for nonstandard temp]
“from hot to cold, look out below”

Question 1

Press change with altitude?

Change with temp?

Answer 1

Decrease as increase elevation at 1’ per 1000 feet

More rapid in colder air

Question 2

Field elevation should read XX feet when baro is set to ATIS

Answer 2

= or - 75 feet

Question 3

Standard rate turn

How to calculate for gyro?

Answer 3

2 min to complete 360 deg (or 3 deg/sec)

For gyro:
drop zero, add 7
eg 100 –> 17 deg, 110 –> 18 deg, 120 –> 19 deg

Question 4

Dip/compass errors

• acceleration
• northern turning error

Answer 4

ANDS: Acceleration (on West-East headings) :
accel –> shows turn to the North,
decel –> shows turn to the South

UNOS: North turning error 
Undershoots (lag) north
Overshoots south
(if you turn while heading south, compress will show faster rate)
or
UNOS (undershoot N, overshoot S)

Question 5

Blocked pitot

Blocked pitot and drain

Answer 5

Airspeed = constant and dropping, all else OK.  
Airspeed = reads high if climbing, low in decent*, all else normal

*Trapped press is making air speed act like an altimeter

Question 6

Blocked static

Answer 6

altimeter -stuck at altitude when blocked
and VSI - stuck
airspeed - reads low during climb and vice versa (expected)

Question 7

If you use the Alternate Static, what do you see?

Answer 7

press in cockpit is lower, so performances “improves”

Altimeter - higher; Airspeed - greater; VSI- climbs

Question 8

VOR check
VOT
Airborne
dual

Answer 8

VOT (at airport, see AFD): turn TO, then FROM, must be +-4 deg

airborne: +-6 degrees
dual: tune to same VOR, max is 4 degree

Question 9

VOR scale and full deflection

Answer 9

each dot is 2 deg

“30 Mile Rule” Each dot = 1 mile at 30 miles

Question 10

ILS contains 4 elements

Outer, middle, inner markets

Answer 10

Glideslope, localizer, marker beacons, approach lites
Outer: 3-7 miles out; blue, hear dashes
Middle: 0.5 mile, 200 feet; amber, dash/dots
Inner: white, fast dot sound

Question 11

Cold air altimeter effects

Answer 11

Indicated can be much lower than actual because cold air is extremely dense. See Correction Chart in AIM (7-2-3)

Question 12

How does an altimeter work?

Answer 12

aneroid wafers expand or contract with changing atmospheric conditions

Question 13

Limitations of altimeter with temp and nonstandard pressure?

Answer 13

Low standard press (or cold day) - reads higher than actual

Remember: High to low, or hot to cold - look out below

Question 14

Errors of an airspeed indicator?

Answer 14

1) static port affected by air flow
2) density error: (change in altitude or temp not compensated)
3) Compressibility error: air packs in static at speeds > 180 kts

Question 15

Standard lapse rate is?

eg what is freezing level at airport that is 1200 AGL, 6deg C?

Answer 15

2 deg per 1000 feet

0 degrees is at 3000, so 3000+1200=4200 feet

Question 16

Which instruments use a gyro?

Answer 16

attitude indicator
heading indicator
turn coordinator

Question 17

Slip skid

Answer 17

Slip - ball inside turn, not enough rudder

Skid - ball outside turn, too much rudder

Question 18

Types of compass errors

Answer 18

Deviation - demons inside
Variation - earth mag disturbance, corrected by isogonic lines
Oscillation - cause by turbulance
Dip errors

Question 26

if you change heading 360 to 330, how long is this turn?

Answer 26

30 deg / 3 = 10 sec

Question 28

How do you check VOR with a VOT (VOR test signal)?

Answer 28

remember cessna 182

turn to 108, should show 180 and TO

Question 29

Emergency transponder codes?

Answer 29

7500 - hijack
7600 - comm
7700 - emergency

Question 30

What altitude does Mode C transponder transmit?

Answer 30

not the one on your altimeter. it is preset to 29.92

Question 31

Full deflection of VOR is

Full deflection of CDI for a localizer?

Answer 31

10 degrees

2.5 degree (4x greater than VOR)

Question 32

What if you receive VOR code every 30 seconds

Answer 32

DME is operative, VOR is NOT.

Question 33

VOR effective distances? What’s max distance if off an airway?

Answer 33

terminal - 25 miles
low - 40
high - 40 to 130

below 18000, no more that 80 NM

Question 34

Elements of GPS
What is RAIM?
If RAIM is lost, can you continue IRF?

Answer 34

24 Navstar satellites, at least 5 in view
Receiver autonomous integrety monitoring - checks status and if corrupted info is present.
No, must have RAIM capability for accuracy.

Question 35

Standard take off climb slope and distance

Answer 35

1:40 or 200 ft/nm

calculate by: GS/60 x 200 —> 120 kts GS = 400 FPM

Question 36

If pitot block, only one instrument is affected?

Answer 36

Airspeed
if ram port blocked, drain open: slowly goes to 0
if both blocked: acts like an alterimeter

Question 37

VSI basis?

Answer 37

has a “calibrated leak” that sensing pressure differential

Question 38

block static shows?

Answer 38

airspeed: low in climb, hi in decent

altimeter & VSI: freeze

Question 39

VOR distance off course

Answer 39

at 30 miles from VOR, each dot = 1 mile (at 60 miles, each is 2 miles)

Question 40

WAAS full scale sensitivity

RNP

Answer 40

WAAS RNP (requd nav performance)
en route: 5 miles 2
terminal: 1 1
approach: 0.3 0.3

Question 41

WAAS level of precision?

Answer 41

from 100 meters (non WAAS) to about 2 meters horizontal/vert