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Instrumentation Flashcards

1
Q

Majority of techniques → 4 basic discipline (within field of analytical chemistry)

A

Photometry, Luminescence, ElectroAnalytic Method, and Chromatography

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2
Q
  • study of phenomenon of light absorption by molecules in solution
  • absorb light at a particular wavelength
  • follows beer lambert’s law
A

Photometry

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3
Q

transmitted light decreases ex ponentially with increase in concentration of absorbing medium

A

Beers Law

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4
Q

Other Principle of Beer’s Law

A

Amount of Absorbance is directly proportional to the Concentration and inversely proportional to the transmitted light

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5
Q

These instruments measures electromagnetic radiation

A

Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorbance Spectrometry, Flame Emission Photometry, Mass Spectrometry

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6
Q

Photons of energy traveling in waves

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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7
Q

involves in electromagnetic radiation, Beer’s law, standard curve, and interaction with lights

A

Photometry

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8
Q

Very short wavelength

A

UV

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9
Q

Very long Wavelength

A

Infrared

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10
Q

Wavelength of Visible Spectrum

A

400-700 nm

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11
Q

distance traveled by one complete wave cycle (nm)

A

Wavelength

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12
Q

If shorter the wavelength

A

The greater energy and light and number of photons

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13
Q

particles of light

A

Photons

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14
Q

Relationship between wavelength and energy

A

Planck’s formula = E = hv

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15
Q

-220-380
-Deutrium Lamp
-Quartz

A

UV

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16
Q

-380-750
-Tungsten
-Borosilicate

A

Visible Incandescent

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17
Q

-750-200
-Tungsten
-Quartz

A

Infrared

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18
Q

amount of light absorbed; proportional to the inverse log of transmittance

A

Absorbance (Optical Density)

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19
Q

Blanking Techniques

A

Reagent and Sample Blanking

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20
Q

correct absorbance caused by the color of reagents

A

Reagent Blank

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21
Q

correct absorbance caused by samples

A

Sample Blank

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22
Q

Not effective blanking process may be due to

A

Turbidity

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23
Q

Components of Spectrophotometer

A

Light Source - Monochromator - Cuvette - Photodetector - Reading Device

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24
Q

-provides polychromatic light and must generate sufficient radiant energy or power to measure the analyte of interest.

A

Light Source

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25
Q

Types of light source

A

Line and Continuum

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26
Q

emits radiation that changes in intensity; widely used in the laboratory, Examples: TUNGSTEN (VS, IR), deuterium (UV), and xenon lamps.

A

Continuum

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27
Q

emits limited radiation and wavelength. Examples: Mercury and sodium vapor lamps in spectrophotometers (UV and visible regions), and the hollow cathode lamp (AAS)

A

Line Source

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28
Q

minimizes unwanted or stray light

A

Entrance slit

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29
Q

refers to any wavelengths outside the band transmitted by the monochromator

A

Stray Light

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30
Q

most common cause of loss of linearity at high-analyte concentration.

A

Stray light

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31
Q

refers to the range of wavelengths passing through the sample. The narrower the bandpass, the greater the photometric resolution.

A

Bandpass

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32
Q

isolates specific or individual wavelength of light

A

Monochromator

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33
Q

mast commonly used monochromator; better resolution than prism.

A

Diffraction Gratings

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34
Q

allows only a narrow fraction of the spectrum to reach the sample cuvette.

A

Exit slit

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35
Q

It holds the solution whose concentration is to be measured.

A

Cuvette

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36
Q

most commonly used cuvette (available in 350 mm to 2000 nm)

A

Alumina-silica

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37
Q

used for measurement of solution requiring visible and ultraviolet spectra

A

Quartz

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38
Q

It detects and converts transmitted light into photoelectric energy

A

Photodetector

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39
Q

not as sensitive as PMT but with excellent linearity

A

Photodiode

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40
Q

simplest type of an absorption spectrophotometer

A

Single Beam Spectrophotometer

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41
Q

ore beam passes through the sample, and the other through a reference solution or blank

A

Double Beam Spectrophotometer

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42
Q

with 2 photodetectors, for the sample beam and Reference beam

A

Double Beam in Space

43
Q

used to check wavelength accuracy (wavelength quality assuramce calibration).

A

didymium or holmium oxide filter

44
Q

Pinciple:-Measures light absorbed by ground state atoms. Analytic technique that measures concentrationof’anayres by detecting absorption of electromagnetic radiation by atoms rather
than molecules,

A

AAS

45
Q

Element is not excited by merely dissociated from its chemical bond and place in an unionized, unexcited ground state.

A

AAS

46
Q

Light Source for AAS

A

Hollow Cathode Lamp

47
Q

More sensitive than FEP

A

AAS

48
Q

Excitation of electrons from lower to higher energy state.

A

FEP

49
Q

Determines Na, K, and Li

A

FEP

50
Q

Light source of FEP

A

FLame

51
Q

based on the fragmentation
and ionization of molecules using a suitable source of energy.

A

Mass Spectrometry

52
Q

vital in-structral identication and determination of molecular weight

A

MS

53
Q

detection and quantification of analytes in human fluids and tissues;

A

MS

54
Q

emission of light as by a chemical or physiological process

A

Luminescence

55
Q

Pinciple-Chemical reaction that produces light. Usually involves oridation of luminol, acridinium esters, or dioxetanes.

A

Chemiluminiscence

56
Q

widely used nowadags due to is high sensitivity while even more sensitive than fluorometry.

A

Chemiluminiscence

57
Q

atoms absorb light of specific wavelength, demiight of longer wavelength (lower energy).

A

Flourometry

58
Q

-has two monochromators
-1000x sensitive than Spectrophotometer

A

Flourometry

59
Q

Flourometry disadvatage

A

Quenching - ph and temp change

60
Q

Measures reduction in light transmission by particles in suspension and lightis measured at angle from light source.

A

Nephelometry

61
Q

measurement of
LIGHT SCATTERED by a particulate solution.

A

Nephelometry

62
Q

unknown sample is made to react with a known solation in the presence of an indicator.

A

Volumetric

63
Q

-The measurement of current or voltage generated by the activity of a specific ion.
-It measures blood pH and gases, electrolytes in blood and sweat samples, toxins, glucose, and
urea.

A

Electroanalytic methods

64
Q

Migration of charged particles in an electric field.

A

Electrophoresis

65
Q

Buffer in Electrophoresis

A

Barbital (ph 8.6)

66
Q

In electrophoresis, this is separated from basis of their elictric charge densisties

A

Proteins

67
Q

separates by molecular size.

A

Cellulose Acetate

68
Q

separates by electrical charge

A

Agarose Gel

69
Q

separates on the basis of charge and molecular size;
separates proteins into 20 fractions used to study isoenzymes.

A

Polyacrylamide gel

70
Q

for CSF Protein Electrophoresis

A

Coomassie Blue

71
Q

very sensitive even to nanogram quantities of proteins

A

Gold/silver stain

72
Q

-measures the absorbance of stain - concentration of the dye and protein fraction.
* It scans and quantitates electrophoretic pattern.

A

Densitometry

73
Q

The measurement of current or voltage generated by the activity of a specific ion.

A

Electrochemistry

74
Q

-measurement of electrical potential due to the activity of free ions - change in voltage indicates activity of each analyte.
* It measures the differences in voltage (potential) at a constant current.

A

Potentiometry

75
Q

known concentration of KCI.

A

SATURATED CALOMEL ELECTRODE

76
Q

immersed in potassium chloride solution that have been saturated with silver chloride; ideal for temperatures higher than 60° C and react with more sample.

A

SILVER-SILVER CHLORIDE

77
Q

employs an adaptation of the pH measurement.

A

Severinghaus electrode

78
Q

*Used to assay heavy metals such as lead in blood.
- Lead and iron testing

A

ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY

79
Q

separation of soluble components in a solution by specific differences in physical-chemical characteristics

A

Chromatography

80
Q

-various ISEs may be covered by immobilized enzymes that can catalyze a specific chemical reaction.
-Selection of the ISE is determined by the reaction product of the immobilized enzyme.

A

Enzyme electrodes

81
Q
  • electrochemical transducer capable of responding to one given ion.
  • Its ionic selectivity depends on the membrane/barrier composition used.
    -It is very sensitive and measures the activity of one ion (selective)
A

ISE

82
Q

the patient’s serum sample is brought into direct contact with the electrode surface and the activity of the relevant ion is measured in the water portion of the serum.

A

Direct ISE

83
Q

POCT electrolyte test and blood gas analvsis

A

Direct ISE

84
Q

Use: Routine electrolyte test

A

Indirect ISE

85
Q

Valinomycin (Antibiotics)

A

K+ Analysis

86
Q
A
87
Q
  • measurement of the amount of electricity (in coulombs) at a fixed potential.
  • electrochemical titratiom
A

Coloumetry

88
Q

Interferences of Coloumetry

A

Bromide cyanide and cysteine

89
Q

Amount of increase in current proportional to the concentration of analyte.

A

Polarography

90
Q

measurement of current after which a potential is applied to an electrochemical cell.

A

VOLTAMMETRY

91
Q

used for fractionation of sugar and amino acid. Sorbent (stationary phase): Whatman paper

A

Planar chromatography

92
Q

Separation occurs based on differences in absorption at the solid phase surfaces.

A

GSC

93
Q

Separation occurs by differences in solute partitioning between the gaseous mobile phase and the liquid stationary phase.

A

GLC

94
Q

technique where solutes in a sample are separated for identification based on physical differences that allow their differential distribution between a mobile phase and a stationary phase

A

Chromatography

95
Q

-liquid-liquid chromatography.
-Separation of solute is based on relative solubility in an organic (nonpolar) solvent and an aqueous (polar) solvent. In its simplest form,

A

Partition chromatography

96
Q

based on the competition between the sample and the mobile phase for adsorptive sites on the solid stationary phase.

A

Adsorption chromatography

97
Q

solute mixtures are separated by virtue of the magnitude and charge of ionic species.

A

Ion exchange chromatography

98
Q

relative distance of migration from the point application

A

Retention factor

99
Q

-It is used for separation of steroids, barbiturates, blood, alcohol, and lipids.
* It is useful for compounds that are naturally volatile or can be easily converted into a volatile form. If the molecule of interest is not volatile enough for direct injection, it is necessary to derivatize or volatilize the sample. Flame ionization is used as a detector for gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Elution order of volatiles is based on their boiling point.

A

GC

100
Q

Advantage: Short turnaround time, sensitivity, accuracy, and high resolution

A

GC

101
Q

widely used liquid chromatography.

A

HPlC

102
Q

utilized for detecting nonvolatile substances in body fluids; used as a
screening and confirmatory method.

A

LC-MS

103
Q
  • It uses pressure for fast separations, controlled temperature, in-line detectors, and gradient elution technique.
A

HPLC

CC (2 decks)

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