Automation Flashcards
first automated analyzer by technicon in
1957
first “autoanalyzer”
- 40 samples per hour
Continuous flow
first commercial centrifugal analyzer was introduced in
1970
- Increased work capacity per unit of time
-Minimized Variability
-Reduced Errors Caused by Manual Manipulations - Reduced Sample Volumes
- Reduced Consumable Costs
Advantages of Automation
- Initial Costs
“ Discontinuity of Product - Technical Skill Required
Disadvantages of Automation
All samples loaded at the same time
* Single test is conducted on each sample
Batch Testing
- One specimen with more than one test is analyzed
Parallel testing
Able to perform individual tests or panels
- allows for stat samples to be added to the run
RAT
Multiple test analyzed
Sequential testing
Computer software designed to handle laboratory data
LIS
Contamination of a sample by a previously aspirated sample
Carry over
- System aside from manufacturer’s reagent can be utilized for measurement
Open reagent system
Transports specimens quickly from one location to another
Pneumatic tube system
- Multi-layered film technology (dry chemicals) used a by automated analyzer
- used in discreet analyzer
Dry chemistry slide
Device that automatically dips into a sample cup and aspirates a
portion of the liquid
Probe
Holds sample cups and capable of spinning
Rotor
Algorithm in which the most recent result of a patient compared with the previously determined value
Delta check
- A set of vertical bars of varying width
- used to encode information
- frequently used in clinical laboratory for patient and specimen information
Bar code
- Mechanism for patient/sample identification
- used for reagent identification also
Bar coding
- Amount of serum that can not be aspirated
Dead volume
- Amount of time to generate one result
Turn around
Maximum number of tests generated per hour
Throughput
- ability to remove the patient’s sample for analysis from the primary
collection tube by piercing through the stopper.
Closed tube sampling
At least wo analytical modules supported by one sample and reagent
processing and delivery system
IMS
- Able to perform tests from at least two disciplines
Multiple platform
- Al least two instruments from a single discipline with one controller
MWC
- Measurement of light reflected from solid surface
Reflectance photometry
- Use robotics and fluidics to replicate manual tasks
Automated instrument
- Some instruments have level-sensing probes that detect the amount
of serum or plasma in the tube.
Specimen handling
A. Mixing of sample and reagents occurs in a vessel called a cuvette. B. The most common reaction temperatures are 37°C and 30°C*
C. KINETIC ASSAYS
D. ENDPOINT/COLORIMETRIC ASSAYS
Testing phase
- Difference in absorbency b/w two points of the progression of a reaction
- time period: 20 seconds to 1 minute
Kinetic reactiom
- Total amount of analyses consumed during the progression of a reaction - time period: 5 to 15 minutes
End point reaction
- Near-patient testing, decentralized testing, bedside resting - use of portable whole blood
POCT
- Sample Identification - This is usually done by reading the bar code. This information can be entered manually.
- Determine tests) to perform - The LIS communicates to the analyzer which tests) have been ordered.
Identification and preparation
- Reagent systems and dellvery -One or more reagents can be dispensed into the reaction cuvet.
-Specimen measurement and delivery - A small allquot of the sample Is Introduced Into the reaction cuvet.
-Chemical reaction phase -The sample and reagents are mixed and Incubated.
Chemical reaction or Analytical phase
-Measurement phase - Optical readings may be Initiated before or after all reagents have been added.
-Signal processing and data handling - The analyte concentration Is estimated from a calibration curve that is stored in the analyzer.
- send results) to LIS - The analyzer communicates results for the ordered tests to the US.
Post analytical or Data collection and analysis
Means Immediately
STAT
1st to do in POCT
Crossmatch
6th to do in POCT
Hematocrit
7th to do in POCT
Blood gases
Last to do in POCT
Potassium
