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NUC MED > INSTRUMENTATION > Flashcards

INSTRUMENTATION Flashcards

1
Q

INSTRUMENTS ARE DESIGNED TO DETECT RADIATION OR TO MEASURE RADIATION, OR TO DO BOTH. THOSE DESIGNED FOR DETECTION USUALLY OPERATE IN THE _______ OR ____________ MODE AND ARE USED TO INDICATE THE PRESENCE OF RADIATION

A

Pulse, rate

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2
Q

THE PRESENCE OF RADIATION IS INDICATED BY A TICKING,
CHIRPING, OR BEEPING SOUND

A

pulse mode

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3
Q

THE INSTRUMENT RESPONE IS EXPRESSED IN
MILLIROENTGEN PER HOUR OR ROENTGEN PER HOUR

A

rate mode

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4
Q

USUALLY INSTRUMENTS ARE DESIGNED TO MEASURE THE INTENSITY OF RADIATION. THEY ACCUMULATE THE SIGNAL AND RESPOND WITH A TOTAL EXPOSURE. SUCH APPLICATION IS CALLED “DOSIMETRY”

A

integrate mode

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5
Q

are radiation measuring devices

A

dosimeters

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6
Q

3 types of gas-filled detectors:

A
  1. Ionization Chambers
  2. Proportional Counters
  3. Geiger-Muller Detectors
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7
Q

R in gas filled detectors is called as what

A

“Region of Recombination

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8
Q

It is the first stage when the voltage is very low, no electrons are attracted to the central cathode. The ion pairs produced in the chamber recombine

A

“Region of Recombination

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9
Q

I in gas-filled detectors is called as what?

A

“Ionization Region

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10
Q
  • Most familiar type of ion chambers.
  • This is used principally for area radiation surveys
A

PORTABLE ION CHAMBER SURVEY INSTRUMENT

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11
Q

the portable ion chamber survey instrument can measure a wide range of radiation intensities from __

A

10 µGy (1mR/hr) to several thousand Gy/hr (R/hr).

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12
Q

Used for accurate measurement of diagnostic x-ray beam

A

ION CHAMBER DOSIMETER

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13
Q

It is used in Nuclear Medicine to measure or assay accurately quantities of radioactive material

A

DOSE CALIBRATOR

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14
Q

unit used in the dose calibrator

A

MBq & mCi

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15
Q

P in gas-filled detectors is called as what?

A

Proportional Region

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16
Q

sensitive instruments that are used primarily as stationary laboratory instruments for the
assay of small quantities of radioactivity.

A

Proportional Counters

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17
Q

It is the ideal gas-filled chamber and this is the
region in which Geiger Counters operate

A

GM region

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18
Q

When did Geiger introduce the first successful detector of individual alpha particles

A

1908

19
Q

What is CD in the gas-filled detectors?

A

Region of Continuous Discharge

20
Q

It is the basis for the Gamma Camera in Nuclear Medicine , detector arrays of CT Imaging Systems, and Image Receptor of several types of Digital Imaging Systems

A

SCINTILLATION DETECTORS

21
Q

Types of scintillation detectors

A

SOLID, LIQUID, and GAS

22
Q

can be made to respond to radiation by
scintillation. This is rare because the detection efficiency is very low and the probability of interaction therefore is small.

A

noble gas

23
Q

used frequently in the research laboratory to detect low-energy beta emissions from Carbon-14 (14C) and Tritium (3H). Nearly 100% detection efficiency for beta radiation

A

LIQUID SCINTILLATION

24
Q

most widely used scintillation phosphors; have been incorporated into CT Imaging system detector arrays

A

INORGANIC CRYSTALS (Thallium-Activated Sodium Iodide (NaI:Tl) and Thallium-Activated
Cesium Iodide (CsI:Tl))

25
Q

Is an electron vacuum tube that contains a number of elements. The tube consists of a glass envelope, which provides structural support for the internal elements and
maintains the vacuum inside the tube.

A

PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE (PMTUBE)

26
Q

Through this application, unknown gamma
emitters can be identified and more sensitive
radioisotope imaging can be accomplished by
counting only those pulses with energy that
represents total gamma ray absorption

A

PULSE HEIGHT ANALYSIS

27
Q

2 types of active dosimeters

A

pen & electronic personal dosimeters

28
Q

It is required when there is any likelihood
that an individual will receive __________ of the recommended dose limit.

A

more than 1/10

29
Q

Used in a hazardous environment, such as a nuclear reactor or other places with a high chance at higher radiation levels

A

active dosimeters

30
Q
  • Used when you are exposed to only low radiation levels, or only occasionally exposed to radiation.
  • It records the amount of radiation over time but is not analyzed in real-time
A

passive dosimeters

31
Q
  • Generally used in Diagnostic radiology.
  • It is similar to dental radiographic film and is sandwiched between metal filters inside a plastic holder.
A

film badge

32
Q

what are the 2 metal filters of a film badge?

A

aluminum & copper

33
Q

advantages of a film badge

A

Inexpensive
Easy to handle
easy to process
reasonably accurate

34
Q

disadvantages of a film badge

A

can’t read exposures less than 10 mR
cannot be reused,
can’t be worn for longer than 1 month because of possible fogging caused by temperature and humidity

35
Q

Uses LITHIUM FLUORIDE (LiF) with Z=8 in a crystalline form

A

THERMOLUMINISCENT DOSIMETER (TLD)

36
Q

They experimented w/ the TLDs and were able
to show that exposure to ionizing radiation caused some materials to glow particulary brightly when subsequent heated

A

Cameron and coworkers at the University of Wisconsin

37
Q

advantages of TLDs

A

more sensitive and accurate than Film Badge
can measure as low as 5 mR
can be worn for intervals up to 1year

38
Q

disadvantages of TLDs

A

Expensive than Film Badge

39
Q

This is worn and handled just as film badges and TLDs
and approx. same size.
* Light is emitted when an OSL crystal is illuminated

A

OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE
(OSL)

40
Q

who developed the OSLs

A

Landauer (1990s)

41
Q

What material does the OSL use?

A

Aluminum Oxide

42
Q

advantages of OSL

A

can measure as low as 1 mR

43
Q

disadvantages of OSL

A

Expensive than TLDs and Film Badge

NUC MED (4 decks)

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