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Intrument Rating > Instrument Navigation > Flashcards

Instrument Navigation Flashcards

1
Q

HSI

A

Horizontal Situation Indicator

  • Solves nearly all reverse sensing and other visualization problems associated with conventional VOR navigation.
  • Combines heading indicator with VOR tracking.
  • Distance from Radial 2 degrees/per dot.
  • 200 ft per nm away from VOR station (DME) reading.
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2
Q

CDI

A

Course deviation Indicator

  • Shows if you are to the right or left of the intended course.
  • 2degrees per dot deflection
  • 200ft for each nm away from VOR (DME)
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3
Q

Glide Slope/Path

A

Shows aircraft’s vertical relationship to the vertical path used for certain instrument approaches.

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4
Q

HSI Components

A

9 Components.
- Compass Card
- Course Indication Arrow, (Yellow) Shows Indication of selected course/VOR you are tracking.
- Glide Slope/Path Indicator shows your relation to a given approach system being used.
(ILS Glide Slope, RNAV approach)
- Symbolic aircraft
- Heading Select Bug, (Orange) is used with autopilot to automatically turn the aircraft to selected heading (standard rate turn)
- Course Select Nob (Yellow arrow on it) controls the yellow course indication arrow. (Yellow)
- Heading index, just the line that indicates current heading
- Course Deviation Indicator. (CDI) Performs the same function as the CDI and VOR Line for the course you are tracking.
- Course Deviation Dots, each dot represents a 2-degree deviation or 200 ft per NM away from the station (DME).
- Heading Select nob, (orange) used to select the heading you wish the autopilot to fly.

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5
Q

Time to Station

A

Time station = Time for bearing change (minutes) x 60/ Degrees of bearing change.

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6
Q

Isosceles Triangle Method

A

Turn Ten degrees to a side
twist course selection nob in opposite direction ten degrees
time it takes to center x2

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7
Q

Station Passage

A

Cone of Confusion, CDI to/from flip

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8
Q

VOR Operation considerations

A
  • Uses VHF Very high frequencies, like FM radio
  • Line of Sight
  • Instrument Charts publish altitude at which you will receive VOR signals.
  • Between 108.0 and 117.95MHz
  • SSV standard service volume
  • TVOR, Terminal VORs, 50 watts, 25nm SSV
  • HVORs HIgh ALtitude VORs, 200 watts, 100 SSV below 18k ft (above 18kft 130nm SSV.)
  • LVORs Low altitude SSV of 40nm below 18kft
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9
Q

SSV

A

Standard Service volume of a VOR,

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10
Q

LVORs

A

LVORs are Low altitude VORs with an SSV of 40nm below 18ft

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11
Q

HVORs

A

High Altitude VORs
SVV of 100nm under 18k ft
130nm above 18k ft.
200 watts

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12
Q

VOR Checks

A 
VOTs
VOR test facilities.
- Charts supplements will show designated areas to check VOR's at airport ramp. Will also show radial info for specific VOT. 
- Transmit radial 360 degrees only. 
- Plus or minus 4 degrees 
- 180 to
- 360 from
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13
Q

AIr born VOTs

A

6 degrees fluctuation

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14
Q

DME

A

Distance Measuring Equipment

  • Distance from VOR station
  • VORTAC (distance from TACAN facility)
  • Instrument Landing Systems (ILS/DME)
  • Localizer (LOC/DME)
  • DME can measure your ground speed when you are flying Direct.
  • SME gives slant range, need 1nm per 1k ft in air.
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15
Q

DME Archs

A
  • Transitions from Enroute phare of flight to approach courses.
  • Easiest to fly using RMI (radio magnetic Indicator)
  • Join the arch by turning 90 degrees from the inbound or outbound course.
  • At 150kts or lower a 1/2 mile lead out is ideal.
  • Always keep the RMI pointing towards your wingtip.

Second Way

  • Put RMI 10 degrees ahead of wingtip
  • Hold heading until its 10 degrees behind wingtip.
  • repeat process

Correcting for crosswind

  • For every 1/2 mile, you are away from the station add 10-20 degrees before or after the wingtip approximately.
  • Drifting away, keep RMI ahead of wingtip
  • Drifting closer, keep RMI behind wingtip

VOR indicator

  • Set OBS to a radial 20 degrees ahead of your present position.
  • Maintain 100 degrees ahead of the given radial you are crossing.
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16
Q

RMI

A 
Radio Magnetic Indicator
- Combines a VOR tracker? GPS tracer 
- An ADF tracker 
- On Moving heading indicator (Moving Magnetic Compass)
-
17
Q

Area Navigation

A 
RNAV
- Equipment computes aircraft position
- Actual track 
- Ground speed
- Estimates time to waypoint
- Estimates distance to waypoint
- Waypoints- predetermined geographic positions used for the route/instrument approaches' without the use of ground facilities. 
- Includes 
        VOR/DME RNAV
        INS, Internal Navigation System 
        GPS
18
Q

Waypoints

A

predetermined geographic positions used for the route/instrument approaches’ without the use of ground facilities.

19
Q

INS

A

Internal navigation system

20
Q

RNP

A

Required Navigation Performance

  • Standards that apply to both airspace and navigation equipment
  • Equipment must keep airplane in standards from centerline at least 95% of time.
  • 2nm at airways
  • 1nm in terminal
  • 0.3 on final and approach operations
  • Onboard performance monitoring system required.
21
Q

VOR/DME RNAV

A

Pre GPS RNAV system

  • Uses CLC course line computer to create waypoints based on data from VORTAC or VOR/DME facilities.
  • Self-programming track
  • Degradation of accuracy 1-2nm per hour without calibration.
22
Q

FMS

A

Flight Monitoring System

  • Automates the task managing the onboard navigation equipment
  • Input/output device for navaids
  • 1 vor/dme
  • 2 localizer frequencies
  • 3 GPS
  • 4 Airplane position
  • 5 track
  • 6 desired heading
  • 7 ground speed
  • Provides input for Autopilot and navigation Displays
  • 1 HSI
  • 2 RMI
  • 3 Digital Flight Deck Display
  • 4 Heads up display

Can incorporate Data

  • Large database of waypoints
  • Airports
  • NavAIds info
  • Aircraft Performance
  • Airways
  • Intersections
  • Instrument Departures
  • Arrivals
  • Approach Procedures.
Can store 
- Waypoints
- Flight plans
- Create custom routes from current position to any destination
- Perform flight planning
 with time and fuel calculations.
23
Q

GPS

A 
Global Positioning System 
- A satellite-based system that broadcast signals to determine 
1 - Precise location
2 - Calculate time 
3 - Distance 
4 - Bearings
5 - Waypoints
6 - Compute ground speeds 
7  -Provide course guidance
24
Q

WAAS

A

Wide Area Augmentation System
- Series of ground stations that generate corrective messages that are transmitted to the airplane by a geostationary satellite.
- Accounts fro satellite drift and ionosphere signal delays and interference.
- WAAS approved GPS gives vertical guidance for GPS instrument approaches. (RNAV approach)
- WAAS approved by TSO-C145 and TSO-C146
- WAAS approved equipment can be used for domestic en route and terminal IFR flights without it requiring alt avionics.
- Must check that WAAS is operational before
1 - NOTAMS
2 - ATC
3 - ATIS
4 - If you determine WAAS capability during entire flights you do not need to perform an RAIM procedure check prior to departure.

25
Q

GBAS

A

Ground-Based Augmentation System

  • FAA inworks
  • More precise than WAAS
  • 20- 30nm small area of operations
  • 3ft accuracy
  • Instrument approaches
  • Low visibility taxing
26
Q

Required for IFR GPS navigation

A
  • Must be Certified by Technical standard TSO
  • WAAS is approved for IFR
  • IFR approved equipment
    1) WAAS GPS can replace one of the dual INS required for long oceanic routes.
    2) GPS
    3) TSO-C129 delineates all definitions of RNP
27
Q

RAIMs

A

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring System
- IFR required equipment
- Verifies the continual reliability of the signal
- Comares the signal to multiple satellites to ensure signal accuracy.
- 5th Satellite is integrity monitoring
- 4 needed to prived three-dimensional solutions
- Can Check
NOTAMS
ATC
ATIS
Flight services
FAA RAIM PREDICTION WEBSITE
GPS RAIMs prediction tool/ feature

28
Q

Navigation Database

A

Must be checked to be current before every IFR flight

29
Q

CDI

A

Course Deviation Indicator

  • Must be on display for IFR flights. Located in the pilot’s primary field of view.
  • Can use Multiple sources VOR/GPS
  • VOR or Localizer approaches use angular deviation
  • GPS displays lateral distances.
30
Q

Way points

A
  • Airport Information
  • Airport name
  • city
  • elevation
  • runway info
  • communication frequencies
  • ILS frequencies
  • Available instrument procedures
  • Weather subscriptions give access to METARs, TAFs, for airports with weather reporting.
  • GPS Equipment gives access to “Auto Sequencing of waypoints” when you program a departure, arrival, approach or another route,, the airplane senses when you pass a waypoint and automatically cycles to the next waypoint.
31
Q

GPS Flight Planning

A
  • Desired Track
  • Distance between waypoints
  • VNAV - Vertical Navigation.
32
Q

Manual Course Selection

A

IFR approved equipment RNP allows for manual course selection via SHI on OBS.

33
Q

Determining Aircraft position from way point

A

Use the nearest airport, reverse bearing and give atc distance from the said airport.

34
Q

Intercepting a Course

A
  • Turn heading that HSI is deflecting from
  • Lead turn when HSI starts to close in.
  • PLan to end the turn in the direction of HSI heading
  • Cross-check error should be zero
  • HSI and CDI should be centered
35
Q

Tracking Course

A
  • Must track at RNP required navigation performance.
  • Maintain traffic separation
  • Avoid Terrain
  • Clear obstacles
  • Determine heading that keeps you on course
  • Turn to head that keeps the HSI and CDI centered.
  • Maintain Wind correction Angle
  • Use track Vector for guidance (predicted course by GPS and foreflight)
36
Q

ADF navigation

A

OLD AND CONFUSING

  • Automatic Direction Finder
  • NDB, none directional beacon
  • AM class
  • Magnetic heading (MH) + Relative bearing (RB) = MAgnetic bearing to station.

Intrument Rating (7 decks)

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