Flight Instrument Systems Flashcards
IFR instruments mandatory list.
GRABCARD
- Generator
- Radio
- Altimeter
- Ball, slip skid indicator
- Clock
- Attitude
- Rate of turn indicator
- Directional gyro (turn indicator)
Standard rate turn
- 3 degrees per second.
- Takes 60 seconds to turn 180 degree turn
Angle of bank
Angle of bank = [true airspeed in knots / 10] + 5
14 degrees at 90KIAS
Precession
- when an outside force tried to tilt a spinning gyro, the gyro responds as if the force has been applied 90 degrees further around the direction of rotation.
Rigidity in space
- Principle that a wheel with a heavily weighted rim spun rapidly tends to remain fixed in the plane in which it is spinning. This creates a resistance to reflection. Physics dictates that an object along a trajectory in a certain direction ( combined with centrifugal force) tend to continue on said path independently of surroundings.
Pendulous Vanes
- Are the mechanisms use to reerect the gyro if it is not parallel to the ground or horizon. Four air jets are spaced out at 90 degree angles. They’re placed under gyro wheel. Each outlet is partially blocked by a tiny door called a pendulous gain. If gyro begins to stray from horizon the doors will open or close to re erect gyro.
Variation
- Magnetic variation, variations in angular differences between the true and magnetic poles. East is least west is best.
Deviation
Deviation
- Magnetic compass interference with airplane engine, avionics and other instruments. Corrected by “swinging the compas”. Remaining errors are written on deviation card.
FACT: IFR en route charts are published as magnetic headings. White winds a loft are published in true winds aloft direction and must be converted to magnetic heading for flight planning.
Magnetic dip
OSUN - Over shoot south undershoot north.
- Turning off north, indication in opposite direction
- Turning off south, indication exaggerated in given direction.
Pitot-static instruments
- airspeed
- altimeter
- VSI vertical speed indicator
IAS
- indicated air speed (IAS)
CAS
- Calibrated airspeed (CAS) is indicated corrected for installation and instrument error.
EAS
- Equivalent air speeds (EAS) is calibrated adjusted for adiabatic compression flow at a particular altitude.
- Happens as 200KIAS and at above 20,000 ft
- Air compression in front of the aircraft abuses abnormally high readings.
TAS
- True airspeed (TAS) is calibrated airspeed corrected for nonstandard temperature and pressure.
- TIP add 2% to CAS for every 1000ft
V-speeds
- (V)ne. Red. Structural damage
- (V)no. Green/yellow arch interception. Maximum cruising speed.
- (V)so. Lower white arch limit. Stalling speed in landing configuration under max weight.
- (V)s1. Lower green arch. Minimum stalling speed in clean configuration. (Power off stall speed) at maximum weight.
- (V)fe. Upper white arch limit. Maximum speed with fully extended flaps.
- (V)a. Maneuvering speed. Airplane will stall before enduring structural damage.
- (V)le. Maximum speed with landing gear extended.
- (V)lo. Maximum speed in which one can extend or retract landing gear.
Indicated altitude
Altitude read from altimeter
Calibrated altitude
- Calibrated altitude, indicated altitude calibrated for instrument errors.
Pressure altitude
- Pressure altitude, calibrated altitude with 29.92 HG barometric reading at standard atmospheric conditions. Regulations require barometric reading when above 18,000 ft in alpha airspace. FL180
Density altitude
- Density altitude is pressure altitude corrected for non standard temperature.
True altitude
- True altitude is the actual height of an object above mean sea level. True altitude is the altitude used on aeronautical charts.
- Achieved when correct setting is selected in altimeter setting window.
ISA
Internatinal standard atmosphere - at sea level - 15c - lapse rate of exactly 2c per 1000 ft (if tempeture isn’t 10c under standard temp. True altitude is 4% lower than indicated altitude.)
AGL
- Absolute altitude, (AGL) actual hight of an abject above the earth surface.
- (HAA) hight above airport is used during instrument approaches.
- (HAT) hight above touch zone
- (TCH) thresholds crossing hight
Temperature effects on altitude.
- Warmer temperatures will cause lower reading that actually flying. You will be higher than indicated.
- Colder temperature will cause a higher reading. You will be lower than indicated altitude
Altimeter setting
- Higher pressure will cause a lower reading. You will be higher than indicated.
- Lower pressure will cause higher reading. You are actually lower.
VSI
Vertical speed indicator
Gyroscopic analog instruments
Gyroscopic analog instruments are.
- Altitude indicator
- Heading indicator
- Turn coordinator
Slip
- Ball on inside of turn
- not enough rudder in turns direction
- too open of turn
Skid
- ball on outside of turn
- too much rudder in the direction of turn
- turning too much
Northerly turn error
- Turning off north, indication in opposite direction
Southerly turn error
- Turning off south, indication exaggerated in given direction.
Trend vector
- What airspeed the airplane will be in six seconds
- For altitude , what altitude it will be in 6 seconds
What should you use to correct for magnetic deviations?
A)Compass correction card
B)Variation lines on instrument charts
C)Adjustment knob one heading indicator
A) Compass correction card corrects for magnetic deviation.
Magnetic deviation
- Magnetic compass interference with airplane engine, avionics and other instruments. Corrected by “swinging the compas”. Remaining errors are written on deviation card.
