Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

midterm > instru > Flashcards

instru Flashcards

1
Q

chromatography is derived from greek word

A

CHROMA
GRAPHEIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

greek word chroma means

A

COLOR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

greek word graphein means

A

TO WRITE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chromatography was first developed by

A

RUSSIAN BOTANIST MIKHAIL TSWETT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

he produced a colorful separation of plant pigments through a column of calcium carbonate

A

RUSSIAN BOTANIST MIKHAIL TSWETT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

developed into an invaluable laboratory tool for separation and identification of compounds

A

CHROMATOGRAPHY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

are compared to known standards

A

SEPARATED COMPOUNDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • this is to show the mechanism of specimen compounds as they travel to a medium and how they interact together with mobile and stationary phases.
  • use to an unknown substance measurement
A

CHROMATOGRAPHY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

smallest unit of matter

A

ATOM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

consist of atom or things that cannot be broken down

A

ELEMENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

combined or union of elements or two or more atoms

A

COMPOUND

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

can either be liquid or gas

A

MOBILE PHASE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • firm or not moving
  • a place wherein compounds are to be separated
A

STATIONARY PHASE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • molecule attraction
  • the compound is adsorbed to a solid support such as silica or alumina
A

ADSORPTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

separates compounds based on their partition between the liquid mobile phase and liquid stationary phase coated on a solid support

A

PARTITION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

uses column packing material that has charge-bearing functional groups attached to a polymer matrix

A

ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

used immobilized biochemical ligands as the stationary phase to separate a few solutes from other untreated solutes

A

AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  • separates molecules according to different sizes

-As the solute travel through, small molecules enter the pores whereas the larger ones, cannot and will elute first from the column

A

SIZE EXCLUSION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

molecule separation or removal from another (eluent)

A

ELUTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

-designed for purification

A

COLUMN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the stationary phase is a thin film of liquid that is fixed onto small granular particles packed into the column

A

PACKED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

can be made narrower than packed columns because their stationary liquid phase is actually coated as a very thin film directly onto the column’s inner wall

A

CAPILLARY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  • the time it takes for a compound to elute
  • this value is characteristic of a compound and is related to the strength of its interaction with the stationary and mobile phase

-term to determine a compounds identity

A

RETENTION TIME (Tr)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

a phenomenon based on the electronegativity difference between two atoms

A

POLARITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

phenomenon of nonpolar (hydrophobic molecules) to not dissolving water (e.g oil and waxes)

A

HYDROPHOBICITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

useful in volatile compounds or compounds that can be easily converted to volatile form

A

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

retention of the compound in GC is determined by its __

A
  1. VAPOR PRESSURE
  2. VOLATILITY
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

retention of the compound in GC is determined by its vapor pressure and volatility depending on the interaction on the __

A

STATIONARY PHASE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

act as mobile phase

A

GAS CYLINDER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

should be high purity and flow must be tightly controlled to ensure optimum column efficiency and reproducibility

A

CARRIER GAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

samples are injected using an

A

AUTOMATED SYRINGE PIPET SYSTEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q
  • the injection port
  • is heated very high temperatures
A

PLASTIC SEPTUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

must be packed

A

COLUMN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

change indicator

A

DETECTOR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q
  • for data and acquisition
  • must be automated to provide more precise and efficient separation
A

COMPUTER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

is necessary a reaction to make it volatile

A

DERIVATIZATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

GC Applications

A

ORGANIC MOLECULES AND DRUGS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

2 types of SP in GC

A
  1. SOLID ABSORBENT
  2. COATED LIQUIDS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

-uses low temperature for separation to achieve better separation of thermolabile compounds

A

LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q
  • it is simple to recover a sample
  • sample can be processed further or reanalyzed
  • the mobile phase can be removed

-suitable alternative of GC with some restrictions

  • similar in many aspect of GC and therefore instrumentation is similar
A

LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

manual or automatic, achieved using a syringe and depositing the sample loop

  • uses microprocessor control autosampler
A

SAMPLE INJECTOR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q
  • must provide precise and accurate rate flow
  • must have internal volume that does not react with solvent
A

MECHANICAL PUMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Mechanical pump must provide precise and accurate rate flow at ____

A

6000PSI pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

detects based on differential measurement and physical property measurement because the sample and mobile phase are often very similar

A

DETECTOR

45
Q

uses small, rigid supports and special mechanical pumps producing high pressure to pass the mobile phase through the column

A

HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC)

46
Q
  • columns are used many times without regeneration
  • the resolution achieved is superior to other forms of liquid chromatography
A

HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC)

47
Q
  • reproducibility can be greatly improved

-widely used clinical application is the separation and quantitation of various hemoglobins associated with specific disease

  • it can measure the whole blood in 5 minutes
A

HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC)

48
Q

5 SEPARATION TECHNIQUES COMMONLY USED IN LC

A

PASAI

PARTITION
ADSORPTION
SIZE
AFFINITY
ION-EXCHANGE

49
Q
  • based on the fragmentation and ionization of molecules using a suitable source of energy
  • the resulting fragment masses and their relative abundance yield characteristics mass spectrum of the parent molecule
  • used technique for drug of abuse testing
A

MASS SPECTROMETRY

50
Q

STEPS OF MASS SPECTROMETRY

A
  1. CONVERSION OF THE PARENT MOLECULE
  2. SEPARATION OF IONS MASS/CHARGE RATIO
  3. COUNTING OF NUMBER IONS
51
Q

COMPONENTS OF MASS SPECTROMETRY

A
  1. ION MASS
  2. MASS ANALYZER
  3. ION DETECTOR
52
Q

maintained at high temperature, has vacuum to provide ionizing vaporized sample molecules

A

ION SOURCE

53
Q

ION SOURCE (3)

A
  1. ELECTRON - IMPACT IONAZATION
  2. CHEMICAL IONIZATION
  3. FAST ATOM BOMBARDMENT
54
Q

ion source has both positive or negative gaseous accelerated into

A

MASS ANALYZER

55
Q

usually an electron multiplier or ion photon conversion detector

A

ION DETECTOR

56
Q

MASS SPECTROMETRY TECHINIQUE

A

VIADD

VAPORIZATION
IONIZATION
ACCELERATION
DEFLECTION
DETECTION

57
Q

Proved to be such a gold standard because of great sensitivity and its reliability

  • combined GC and MS
A

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY - MASS SPECTROMETRY

58
Q
  • provides superior specificity and sensitivity compared to direct injection methods

-used to develop highly accurate and reproducible assays

  • viable replacements for many immunoassays
A

LIQUID - CHROMATOGRAPHY - MASS SPECTROMETRY (LC - MS)`

59
Q

deals with the analysis of molecular interactions with IR light of the electromagnetic spectrum

A

IR SPECTROSCOPY

60
Q

used for the identification and quantitation of volatile substances in body fluids such as blood and urine

  • like ethanol, methanol, acetone, isopropanol,ethylene glycol
A

GC - MS

61
Q
  • drugs commonly quantitated by
  • used for the convenient screening of a wide range of toxic compounds such as chloro-phenols in water and soil ….
A

GC- MS

62
Q

done in using a thin, uniform layer of silica gel or alumina coated onto a piece of glass, metal or rigid plastic

A

THIN- LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

63
Q

used primarily by North American laboratories for drug testing in animal sports to provide a basic, acidic, and neutral drug.

A

THIN- LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

64
Q
A
65
Q

is passed through the absorber (constant concentration) a logarithmic decrease is seen in the radiant power of path length (Lambert);

A

Monochromatic EMR/radiation

66
Q

spectrophotometer basic components:

A
  1. Light source
    2.Wavelength selector
  2. Sample holder
  3. Detector system
  4. Data readout
67
Q

is accomplished by measuring the amount of light absorbed by that solution after appropriate treatment.

A

spectrophotometry

68
Q

• take most several forms, them most recognizable being radiant heat and light energy
• The lighter absorbed, the higher the concentration of the material under study.

A

SPECTROPHOTOMETER

69
Q

allows the application of several different approaches that provide a full analysis of the materials being studied.

A

SPECTROPHOTOMETER

70
Q

developed the absorption principle

A

Bouguer

71
Q

develop fundamental principles of Absorption spectroscopy;

A

Lambert and Beer

72
Q

The main objective is To emphasize the interactions of light and matter.

A

ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY / AAS

73
Q

• Also known as the Absorption spectroscopy

A

BEER-LAMBERT’S LAW

74
Q

• The basic principle of spectrophotometry involves measuring the amount of light absorbed by a solution and relating that absorption to the solutions’ concentration.
• The difference between the amount of incident light and transmitted light can be expressed mathematically and is referred to as the absorbance of the solution.

A

TRUE

75
Q

• measures the amount of light that the substance absorbs at a specified wavelength.
• a measure of the quantity of light absorbed by a sample
• first ascertain the wavelength of maximum absorbance for the compound of interest.
• Each chemical has a region where light is absorbed and the other regions where little or no light is absorbed.

A

ABSORBANCE

76
Q

is directly proportional to path length and the concentration of the solution.

A

Light absorption

77
Q

change indicator (of the variables in its environment such as pressure, temperature, electrical charge, electromagnetic radiation, nuclear radiation, particulates or molecules).

A

Detectors

78
Q

(current producer)

  • devices that convert information in nonelectrical domains and the converse.

It includes photo iodides, photomultipliers and those that produce current *sensors-chemical species monitoring (electrodes).

A

Transducer

79
Q

Each chemical has a region where light is absorbed and the other regions where little or no light is absorbed.

A

TRUE

80
Q

When a light is passed through a colored solution, lights of certain wavelengths are selectively absorbed by the solution, which gives a plot of the absorption spectrum of the solution. The wavelength of light at which maximum absorption occurs is called an absorption maximum (max) of that solution.

A

TRUE

81
Q
  • used to measure concentration by detecting absorption of electromagnetic radiation by atoms rather than by molecules.
A

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS)

82
Q

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (AAS) COMPONENTS

A

• Hallow Cathode lamp- has anode in a gastight chamber./cylindrical
• Gases- Helium and Argon
• Filter Gas+ Voltage=ionized/ionization → collision of ionized ion and metal
• Metal→ knocks atoms off to be excited → upon excitation they return to ground state = LIGHT EMISSION

83
Q

measured by Copper hollow cathode lamp

A

Cu

84
Q

a conductor that is used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit. Becomes the new light source for the AAS

A

Electrode

85
Q

filled argon excites an element to emit a spectrum

A

The bulb

86
Q

is alternative of a cuvette

A

FLAME

87
Q

is a long and narrow slit, to permit a longer path length for absorption of incident radiation to occur.

A

The burner

88
Q

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (AAS) Principle:

A

• A. Light from the hollow lamp passes through the sample of ground-state atoms in the flame.
• B. The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the concentration.
• C. When a ground-state atom absorbs light energy, an excited atom is produced. The excited atom then returns to the ground state, emitting light of the same energy as it absorbed.
• D. The emitted energy forms the flame will go in all directions, and it will be a steady emission.
• Because the purpose of the instrument is to measure the amount of light absorbed, the light detector must be able to distinguish between the light beam emitted by the hollow cathode lamp and that emitted by excited atoms in the flame.
• To do this, the hollow-cathode light beam is modulated by inserting a mechanical rotating chopper between the light and the flame or by pulsing the electrical supply to the lamp.
• Because the light beam absorbed enters the sample in pulses, the transmitted light also will be in pulses. There will be less light in the transmitted pulses because part of it will be absorbed.

89
Q

is used to isolate the desired emission line form the other lamp emission line. In addition, it serves to protect the photodetector from excessive light emanating from flame emissions (Bishop, 2000).

A

MONOCHROMATOR

90
Q

• SODIUM, LITHIUM AND POTASSIUM MEASUREMENT

• MEASURES LIGHT EXCITED ATOMS

• SAMPLE+ ASPIRATED TO FLAME→ ENTRY ON ELECTRONIC STATE→ MONOCHROMATOR ISOLATION PHOTODETECTOR ELECTRIC SIGNAL MEASUREMENT

• ELECTRICAL SIGNAL PROPORTIONAL TO THE CONCENTRATION OF ATOMS

A

FEP

91
Q

detects the amount of photons absorbed and then sends a signal to a galvanometer or a digital display.

A

Photometer

92
Q

a combination of spectrometer and photometer, quantitatively measure light intensity using wavelengths.

A

Spectrophotometer

93
Q
  • is a method(spectrum and light)
A

Spectrophotometry

94
Q

is a device that produces, typically disperses and measures light; contained by Spectrophotometer

A

Spectrometer

95
Q

is a method of studying and measuring a specific spectrum

A

Spectrometry

96
Q

Spectro- specere; specter meaning

A

to look; image (i.e spectrum)

97
Q

• Scopy maning

A

-viewing or examination. (microscopy or endoscopy)

98
Q

are based on the interaction of radiation with matter.

A

Spectroscopic methods

99
Q

absorption of light at all frequencies is monitored simultaneously based on interference, and recorded as an ____

A

interferogram

100
Q
  • is subjected to Fourier transformation, which calculates the contributions of the constituent frequencies and plots the spectrum as intensity versus wavelength, or wavenumbers (cm-1), as is commonly used in infrared spectroscopy.
A

INTERFEROGRAM

101
Q

One of the major advantages of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is that it can give detailed qualitative and quantitative chemical information without destroying the sample.
• In most cases, the samples used for FTIR spectroscopic investigations can be completely recovered and used for further analysis elsewhere.

A

TRUE

102
Q

based on the interactions of reflected infrared light with the sample.

A

REFLECTANCE

103
Q
  • is the possibility to investigate the spatial distribution of chemical changes and sample heterogeneity, and to follow reaction fronts and reactions at certain sites, as well as precise sampling, such as when only measuring a certain area in a sample.

• highest achievable spatial resolution:

A

MICROSPECTROSCOPY

104
Q

are capable of recording images at diffraction (he spreading of waves around obstacles) limited spatial resolution

A

Modern FPA detectors

105
Q

refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region.

A

ULTRAVIOLET VISIBLE SPECTRUM

Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis or UV/Vis)

106
Q

This technique is complementary to fluorescence spectroscopy, in that fluorescence deals with transitions from the excited state to the ground state, while absorption measures transitions from the ground state to the excited state.

A

ULTRAVIOLET VISIBLE SPECTRUM

107
Q

is routinely used in analytical chemistry for the quantitative determination of different analytes, such as transition metal ions, highly conjugated organic compounds, and biological macromolecules.

A

UV SPECTROSCOPY

108
Q
  • may be used as a detector for HPLC
  • • The presence of an analyte gives a response assumed to be proportional to the concentration.
A

UV/Vis spectrophotometer

109
Q

an analytical procedure for identifying elements

A

FLAME TEST

midterm (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions