Institutions: EDUCATION Flashcards
Who classified students based on an ‘ideal type’?
Howard Becker (1971)
The ideal student is defined as disciplined, intelligent, and motivated, typically associated with middle-class children.
What did Cicourel and Kitsuse (1971) find about student evaluation in America?
Counsellors evaluate students based on social backgrounds rather than academic records
Students from middle and upper middle class are often placed in higher-level courses.
How did Rist (1970) show that teachers arrange students?
Teachers arrange seating based on social class rather than abilities
This suggests a subjective classification system.
What is the focus of interactionist perspectives on education?
The interactions that occur in schools and classrooms impacting student achievement
What is one criticism of the Marxist perspective on education?
It is too deterministic, portraying students as compliant and passive
Studies on school counter cultures have shown students’ voluntary rejection of school norms.
According to Bowles and Gintis, what is an illusion in the educational system?
Equality and meritocracy
They argue that privileged students have greater opportunities.
What does the ‘correspondence principle’ suggest?
The education system reflects capitalism by producing a workforce with values like punctuality and dependability
This prepares students for occupational roles.
What does Pierre Bourdieu argue about education?
Education reproduces the culture of the dominant classes
It serves the interests of the rich and powerful.
What role does Louis Althusser attribute to the education system?
It reproduces the skills needed for an efficient labor force
The education system socializes children into accepting the ruling ideology.
What is a consequence of streaming and labeling in schools?
It affects students’ self-perception and can lead to anti-school attitudes
Hargreaves (1967) noted that students may feel ‘denied status’.
What did Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) find about teachers’ expectations?
Teachers’ expectations can influence student achievement
Students labeled as ‘spurters’ showed high IQ scores after being treated differently.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in the context of labeling?
When a student accepts a label and acts according to it
Labels can be negative (e.g., delinquent) or positive (e.g., intelligent).
What is streaming in education?
Dividing students into ability groups for specific subjects or all subjects
It aims for similar abilities to work together.
What did Stephen Ball’s study reveal about streaming?
Students from non-manual worker backgrounds were placed in the best band
This indicates social class influences on educational placements.
What are Hargreaves’ stages in which teachers classify students?
- Tentative speculation based on first impression
- Elaboration of the impression
- Stabilization of the classification
What does the Marxist perspective on education assert?
Education transmits the ideologies of the ruling class
It maintains class exploitation and inequality.
Who are key proponents of the Marxist perspectives on education?
- Louis Althusser
- Pierre Bourdieu
- Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis
