Insomnia Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What is the most prevalent sleep disorder?

A

Insomnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is insomnia difficult to diagnose?

A

Yes because it is subjective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is initial insomnia?

A

Trouble falling asleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is middle insomnia?

A

Trouble remaining asleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is terminal insomnia?

A

Waking up too early

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is insomnia?

A

It is about not having the right amount of sleep but not the right quality of sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When is insomnia diagnosed? (2)

A

1) Experiencing sleep difficulties for more than a month

2) Resulting in daytime fatigue causes severe distress or impairs work, social or personal functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 4 symptoms of insomnia

A

1) Waking up in the night
2) Not feeling refreshed after sleep, not being able to function normally during the day, irritable and tired, difficult to concentrate
3) Waking when disturbed by pain or noise
4) Waking up early in the morning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is transient insomnia?

A

Short-term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is intermittent insomnia?

A

Occasional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is chronic insomnia?

A

Long term - more than 4 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is short-term insomnia?

A

Transient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is occasional insomnia?

A

Intermittent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is long-term insomnia?

A

Chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is primary insomnia?

A

More common in women and increasing in age - not directly associated with any other health condition or physical cause which occurs alone with no cause for than one month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is secondary insomnia?

A

Underlying medical, psychiatric or environmental problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name and explain 2 risk factors of insomnia

A

1) Age and gender - increased physical problems with age (arthritis and diabetes), females affected by hormonal fluctuations
2) Personality - Kales (1976) found insomniacs more likely to internalise psychological disturbance, internalisation leads to increased levels of emotional arousal and increased likelihood of anxiety

18
Q

What might actually cause primary insomnia?

A

Poor sleep hygiene like staying up late, sleep where too light, playing computer games that cause sleep difficulties

19
Q

Name 5 causes of secondary insomnia

A

1) Hormonal changes
2) Decreased melatonin - older
3) Medical conditions - allergies, arthritis, asthma, heart disease, high blood pressure
4) Psychiatric - symptom of depression, associated anxiety, PTSD and dementia
5) Other sleep disorders like sleep apnoea - obstructions in breathing

20
Q

Name the main study supporting insomnia

A

Smith (2002)

21
Q

Outline Smith (2002)

A

Neuro-transmitting of NREM sleep - found clear evidence of abnormalities in insomniacs - 9 females (5 insomniacs and 4 controls) for 3 nights - insomniacs showed consistent and significant reduced blood flow in frontal medial, occipital and parietal cortices - provide evidence may be associated with abnormal nervous activity during NREM sleep

22
Q

Explain a positive evaluative point about insomnia

A

External validity - studies examined whether the findings from sleep labs related to reported sleep disorders from patients, so Garcia-Borregeuro (2004) found positive correlation between rating scales and lab measures of sleep of the sleep disorder restless leg syndrome - so some evidence that lab measures are good indicators of certain disorders & Schramm (1993) examined test-retest reliability of structured-sleep interview compared to lab recordings and found excellent reliabilities

23
Q

Outline Garcia-Borregeuro (2004)

A

Found positive correlation between rating scales and lab measures of sleep of the sleep disorder restless leg syndrome - so some evidence that lab measures are good indicators of certain disorders

24
Q

Outline Schramm (1993)

A

Examined test-retest reliability of structured-sleep interview compared to lab recordings and found excellent reliabilities

25
Q

Name and explain 4 negative evaluative points about insomnia

A

1) Difficulty in generalisations as there are so many types - Zisapel (2000) melatonin effective in a small group of elderly patients but ineffective in general treatment
2) May not be a sleep disorder at all but a symptom of something else so doctors should search for the cause of it (Dement 1999)
3) Vgontzas (1993) argue that using a number of sleep lab criteria is unsatisfactory in diagnosing - study 375 insomniacs & 150 controls and found ‘sleep lab recording provide little relevant info for confirming or excluding the presence of insomnia’
4) Research complications - highly complex with large number of factors contributing to insomnia and research only finds small effects and is unlikely to uncover clear solutions to the problem

26
Q

Outline Zisapel (2000)

A

Melatonin effective in a small group of elderly patients but ineffective in general treatment

27
Q

Outline Vgontzas (1993)

A

Argue that using a number of sleep lab criteria is unsatisfactory in diagnosing - study 375 insomniacs & 150 controls and found ‘sleep lab recording provide little relevant info for confirming or excluding the presence of insomnia’

28
Q

Why is it important to distinguish between primary and secondary insomnia?

A

If insomnia is a symptom it is important to treat the underlying disorder

29
Q

Why is it not important to distinguish between primary and secondary insomnia?

A

Does depression cause insomnia or is insomnia causing depression? Ohayon & Roth (2003) - 15,000 Europeans and found insomnia more often precedes cases of mood disorders so suggests it is helpful to treat insomnia regardless of primary and secondary

30
Q

Name the 4 consequences of insomnia and the research studies associated with them

A

1) Cognitive impairment - Zammit (1999)
2) Accidents - Arendt (2001)
3) Psychological disturbance - Breslau (1996)
4) Immune system under functioning - Savard (2003)

31
Q

Explain cognitive impairment for insomnia

A

Memory loss & poor concentration - Zammit (1999) found insomniacs scored lower on Medical Outcomes Study Cognitive Scale than controls demonstrating problems with concentration, memory, reasoning & problem solving

32
Q

Explain accidents for insomnia

A

Arendt (2001) - compared performance of adults deprived of one night’s sleep with adults given alcohol and found keeping people awake for 3 more hours than usual led to impairments equivalent to modest levels of alcohol

33
Q

Explain psychological disturbance for insomnia

A

Depression and anxiety - Breslau (1996) found insomnia associated with increasing risks for drugs and alcohol abuse

34
Q

Explain immune system under functioning for insomnia

A

Savard (2003) - found fewer immune cells in chronic insomniacs so more vulnerable to illness however problem with cause and effect as stress associated with insomnia

35
Q

Who came up with the 3 P’s model for insomnia?

A

Spielman & Glovinsky (1991)

36
Q

What are the 3 P’s for insomnia?

A

1) Predisposing factors
2) Precipitating factors
3) Perpetuating factors

37
Q

Explain predisposing factors for insomnia

A

For example genetic vulnerability - Watson (2006) found 50% variance in risk insomnia attributed to genetic factors

38
Q

Explain precipitating factors for insomnia

A

Events that trigger the disorder in a vulnerable individual - for example stress at work, exams, and shift work

39
Q

Explain perpetuating factors for insomnia

A

Factors that maintain insomnia when original casses disappeared or treated for example being tense when going to bed because of previous sleep problems

40
Q

Name and explain the IDA point for insomnia

A

Real-world application in the form of the cognitive approach - causes of insomnia is belief that going to have difficulty in sleeping so expectation becomes self-fulfilling as tense when going to sleep. So treatment - learnt to attribute sleep difficulties to ‘insomnia’ but if convinced source of difficulty lies elsewhere, it will end their dysfunctional attribution - Stroms & Nisbett (1970) gave insomniacs pill and told stimulate or sedative and found those expected arousal went to sleep faster as attributed arousal to pill and thus relaxed

41
Q

Outline Stroms & Nisbett (1970)

A

Gave insomniacs pill and told stimulate or sedative and found those expected arousal went to sleep faster as attributed arousal to pill and thus relaxed