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Insects > Insect2 > Flashcards

Insect2 Flashcards

1
Q

3 shared traits of Orthopteroid orders

A

Chewing mouthparts at all stages, hemimetabolous metamorphosis, wings held orthogonally during flight

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2
Q

5 characteristics of dermaptera

A

Enlarged cerci, 3 tarsal segments, omnivores, nocturnal, 1800 species

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3
Q

4 characteristics of Orthoptera

A

Enlarged femurs (good jumpers), 3-4 segmented tarsi, mostly herbivorous, 20,000 species

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4
Q

Producing loud calls by rubbing wings together

A

Stridulation

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5
Q

What suborder of insects produce stridulations?

A

Ensifera

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6
Q

6 characteristics of phasmatodea

A

stick-like and wingless, 3 or 5-segmented tarsi, no enlarged femura, herbivorous, lack tympana and stridulation, 1200 species

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7
Q

6 characteristics of blattodea

A

5 segmented tarsi, long antennae, flattened body, pronotum extends over head, repugnatorial glands, 4500 species

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8
Q

What is a blattodea’s egg sac called?

A

Oothea

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9
Q

6 characteristics of order Isoptera

A

Equal-length membranous wings, social cockroaches, obligately depend on gut symbionts to digest cellulose, proctooleal trophelaxis, role in global decomposition, 2000 species

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10
Q

6 characteristics of order Mantodea

A

predatory cockroaches, raptorial forelegs, 5-segmented tarsi, long pronutum with freely moving head, large eyes/short antennae, 2000 species

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11
Q

4 shared traits of order Hemiptera

A

Piercing or sucking mouthparts, piercing stylets enclosed in a sheath, hemimetabolous, 80,000 species

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12
Q

3 suborders of Hemiptera

A

Heteroptera, Auchenorrncha, Sternorrhyncha

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13
Q

4 characteristics of suborder Heteroptera

A

Beak arises from front of head, front half of wing “hardened”, wings held flat against body, hemimetabolous

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14
Q

4 characteristics of suborder Auchenorryncha

A

Beak arises from back of head, wings are uniform texture, wings held roof-like, hemimetabolous

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15
Q

4 characteristics of suborder sternorrhyncha

A

beak arises between front coxae, wings are uniform texture, wings held roof-like, hemimetabolous

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16
Q

How often do periodical cicades emerge en masse

A

13 or 17 years

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17
Q

What type of insect can reproduce by vivaparous parthenogenesis?

A

Aphids

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18
Q

6 characteristics of order Coleoptera

A

40% of all insects are beetles, 25% of all named species, valuable ecosystem services, hardened outer wings (elytra), mandibulate mouth parts at all phases, complete metamorphosis

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19
Q

What are hardened outer wings called?

A

Elytra

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20
Q

2 suborders of coleoptera

A

Adephaga, polyphaga

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21
Q

4 characteristics of adephaga

A

predatory, ground dwelling, hind coxae fused to 1st abdominal sternite, 40,000 species

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22
Q

3 characteristics of polyphaga

A

plant feeders, coxae are mobile and do not divide, 300,000 species

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23
Q

Shared traits of Diptera, Mecoptera, and Neuroptera

A

Homometabolous, soft-bodied, winged

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24
Q

4 shared traits of diptera

A

2 wings, halteres, adults never have chewing mouthparts, 25,000 species

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25
Q

What are reduced second set of wings used for balance called?

A

halteres

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26
Q

3 characteristics of Nematocera

A

Many segmented antennae, mosquito-like, paraphyletic

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27
Q

3 characteristics of Brachycera

A

3-segmented antennae, housefly-like, monophyletic

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28
Q

5 characteristics of Neuroptera

A

4 veiny wings, wings held roof- or tent-like over body, long antennae, lack cerci, 5500 species

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29
Q

What type of insect produces conical pitfall traps then use their long, sickle-like jaws to consume insects that fall in?

A

Neuroptera (antlions)

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30
Q

4 characteristics of Mecoptera

A

4 wings, long, narrow head, not monophyletic, 600 species

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31
Q

What type of insect has males that present females with dead insects as a nuptial gift to encourage copulation?

A

Mecoptera

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32
Q

4 characteristics of hymenoptera

A

Hamuli, mandibulate mouthparts, 4 wings, 130,000 species

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33
Q

What is a small hook projection that links the fore- and hind-wings of a bee or wasp?

A

Hamuli

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34
Q

4 characteristics of lepidoptera

A

wings covered with colorful scales, larvae have unsegmented “prolegs” and chewing mouthparts, pupae are always immobile, adults have siphoning mouthparts

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35
Q

2 characteristics of butterflies

A

Diurnal, clubbed antennae

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36
Q

3 characteristics of skippers

A

Diurnal, hooked antennae, hold fore-wings at 45 degrees

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37
Q

3 characteristics of moths

A

Diurnal, plumose antennae, frenulum

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38
Q

Bristle present at the root of the hindwing of most moths which engages with a small hook on the forewing to attach the wings together

A

Frenulum

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39
Q

3 ways simple metamorphosis is different from complete

A

Wings develop externally, no inactive stages before adult, immatures look like small adults (nymphs)

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40
Q

3 ways complete metamorphosis is different from simple

A

Wings develop internally, inactive stage before adult (pupa), immatures differ dramatically from adults (larvae)

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41
Q

Part of larvae that will become a portion of the outside of the adult insect during pupal transformation

A

Imaginal disc

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42
Q

Period between 2 molts

A

Instar

43
Q

Metamorphosis - Step 1: _____ is released by the _____ of the brain into the _____.

A

PTTH, corpora cardiaca, hemolymph

44
Q

Metamorphosis - Step 2: PTTH reaches the ______ of the thorax and ______ production of ______, a hormone that stimulates _____.

A

Prothoracic gland, stimulates, ecdysone, molting

45
Q

Metamorphosis - Step 4: ______ cells secrete _____ that dissolve _____.

A

Epidermal, enzymes, cuticle

46
Q

Metamorphosis - Step 3: _____ stimulates _____ cells, which undergo _____

A

Ecdysone, epidermal, mitosis

47
Q

Metamorphosis - Step 5: _____ cells lay down new _____ for next _____, recycling much of the old ______.

A

Epidermal, cuticle, instar, tissue

48
Q

Enzyme resistant layer in new cuticle during metamorphosis

A

Cuticulin

49
Q

Metamorphosis - Step 6: _____ - old cuticle separates from _____, throughout _____, _____, and _____.

A

Apolysis, epidermis, body wall, tracheal linings, fore- and hind-guts

50
Q

Metamorphosis - Step 7: _____ - old cuticle splits apart and new instar _____. _____ is the term for the cast-off exoskeleton.

A

Ecdysis, emerges, Exuvium

51
Q

Metamorphosis - Step 8: ______ - ______ of new exoskeleton

A

Sclerotization, hardening

52
Q

3 key organs of metamorphosis

A

Corpora cadiaca, prothoracic gland, Corpora allata

53
Q

Hormone that controls molt from juvenile to adult

A

Juvenile Hormone

54
Q

Where is JH produced?

A

Corpora allata

55
Q

Hormone that inhibits metamorphosis from juvenile to adult but does inhibit juvenile molting

A

Juvenile Hormone

56
Q

3 steps and conclusion of Kopec experiment

A

Ligated caterpillars in middle of body (front half molted, back didn’t), removed brain from caterpillar (didn’t molt), left brain but cut nerve cord (molted). Brain triggers something, but not neurally transmitted

57
Q

2 steps and conclusion of Fukuda experiment

A

Ligated posterior of prothorax (molted in front, not in back), Ligated posterior of prothorax and transplanted portion of prothroacic gland from thorax to abdomen (both parts molted). Brains triggers something in prothorax gland, transmitted in hemolymph.

58
Q

Wigglesworth experiment and conclusion

A

Transplanted corpora allata from 4th instars into 5th instars, resulting in additional instar. Corpora allata produces JH that prevents juveniles from becoming adults

59
Q

Movement of materials down a concentration gradient

A

Diffusion

60
Q

3 organs used in respiration

A

Spiracles, Tracheae, Tracheoles

61
Q

Organ of respiratory system that are openings in the integument.

A

Spiracles

62
Q

How many spiracles do insects have and where are they?

A

2 on thorax, 8 on abdomen

63
Q

Organ of respiratory system that are tubes that start at spiracles and end at tracheoles. Lined with cuticle and surrounded by epidermal cells

A

Tracheae

64
Q

Organ of respiratory system that “delivers” oxygen to cells (oxygen diffuses through membrane into cells and into mitochondria)

A

Tracheoles

65
Q

4 advantages of tracheae

A

Minimize external SA susceptible to water loss, lined with waterproof cuticle, spiracles can be opened and closed by muscles, filled with air (more efficient than blood or hemolymph)

66
Q

2 disadvantages of tracheae

A

Diffusion is slow because oxygen must go into solution (imposes limit on insect size), system does not work well in low oxygen environments

67
Q

How do vertebrates get oxygen to cells (3 steps)?

A

Bind oxygen to hemoglobin, oxygen carried through circulatory system, heart transports blood

68
Q

3 ways that small water specialists undergo gas exchange

A

Spiracles remain closed, tracheae just under integument (widely distributed), diffusion of oxygen across body wall

69
Q

Way that large water specialists undergo gas exchange

A

Tracheal gills

70
Q

Thin, external extensions of body wall loaded with tracheae

A

Tracheal gills

71
Q

3 ways aquatic insects use atmospheric oxygen

A

Siphon, physical gill (film of air attached to body surface), plastron (layer of air held by thick surface of hydrophobic hairs)

72
Q

2 major types of mouthparts

A

Mandibulate, haustellate

73
Q

First step of the digestive system after mouthpart

A

Parynx/pharygneal pump

74
Q

How does the pharynx/pharygngeal pump function?

A

Musculature acts as a sucking pump

75
Q

3 functions of salivary/labial glands

A

Extra-intestinal digestion, silk production, anti-coagulant production

76
Q

How do parasitoid larvae absorb nutrients?

A

Directly from host through body wall

77
Q

4 divisions of foregut

A

esophagus, crop, proventriculus, valve

78
Q

Division of foregut that is a slender tube that works through muscle contractions

A

esophagus

79
Q

Division of foregut that is temporary storage (i.e. for nectar)

A

Crop

80
Q

Division of foregut that provides mechanical breakdown of food

A

Proventriculus

81
Q

Division of foregut that regulates passage of food into midgut

A

Valve

82
Q

Finger-like projections at anterior end of midgut

A

Gastric cacae

83
Q

3 characteristics of midgut

A

Elongated tube with increased SA, lined with epithelia cells, valve to regulate passage to hindgut

84
Q

2 functions of epithelia cells in midgut

A

secrete digestive enzymes, absorb nutrients and water

85
Q

2 main function of foregut

A

Breaking up food, storage

86
Q

Main function of midgut

A

absorbing nutrients

87
Q

Main function of hindgut

A

Maintaining water balance

88
Q

Location where Malphigian tubules attach

A

Ileum

89
Q

Amorphous organ of accumulated lipids

A

Fat body

90
Q

Where are fat bodies located?

A

Thorax and abdomen

91
Q

2 functions of fat bodies

A

energy reserve, role in hormone secretion

92
Q

Main function of excretory system

A

Maintain homeostasis by regulating water and salt balance in hemolymph

93
Q

Two ways to main homeostasis in mammals

A

Active transport, ultra-filtration

94
Q

Moving a solute against its concentration gradient (requires ATP) [ONLY IN MAMMALS]

A

Active transport

95
Q

Pressure forces blood through semi permeable membrane [ONLY IN MAMMALS]

A

Ultra-filtration

96
Q

Where does waste leave hemolymph?

A

Distal ends of tubules

97
Q

3 ways waste leaves hemolymph

A

Epithelial cells move solutes in from hemolymph (active transport), water follows waste and salt into tubule, fluid moves down tubule, into Ileum of hindgut

98
Q

Where does water return into the hemolymph?

A

Rectum (posterior of hind gut)

99
Q

3 ways water returns into hemolymph

A

Epithelial cells move salts only back into hemolymph, water by osmosis, uric acid precipitates (secreted with other fecal material)

100
Q

Fecal material of insects

A

Frass

101
Q

2 ways vertebrate excretion differs from insect

A

Ultra-filtration, active transport only for absorption of nutrients

102
Q

What type of urinary fluid do insects use?

A

uric acid

103
Q

What type of urinary fluid do vertebrates use?

A

Urea

104
Q

2 ways uric acid is more advantageous than urea

A

Precipitates more easily, more effective for water conservation

Insects (3 decks)

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