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Insect Classification > Insect Classification Exam 1 > Flashcards

Insect Classification Exam 1 Flashcards

ID info and strategies for common insects. For Spring 2024 class at UF.

1
Q

What families are in Megaloptera?

A

Sialidae (Alderflies), Corydalidae (Dobsonflies)

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2
Q

What family is in Raphidoptera?

A

Raphidae (Snakeflies)

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3
Q

What families are in Neuroptera?

A

Mantispidae (Mantid lacewings), Crysopidae (Green lacewings), Hemerobiidae (Brown lacewings), Myrmeleontidae (Antlions), Ascaphidae (Owlflies)

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4
Q

How to tell Sialidae (Alderflies) vs. Sorydalidae (Dobsonflies)?

A

Alderflies are 25mm or less and lack ocelli, Dobsonflies are larger and have ocelli

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5
Q
A

Sialidae (Alderflies)

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6
Q
A

Corydalidae (Dobsonflies)

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7
Q
A

Raphidae (Snakeflies)

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8
Q
A

Mantispidae (Mantis lacewings)

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9
Q
A

Chrysopidae (Green lacewings)

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10
Q
A

Hemerobiidae (Brown lacewings)

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11
Q
A

Myrmeleontidae (Antlions)

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12
Q
A

Ascalaphidae (Owlflies)

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13
Q

How to tell Chrysopidae (Green lacewings) vs. Hemerobiidae (Brown lacewings)?

A

Chrysopidae wings have many cells, top is unbranched veins. Hemerobiidae have larger cells, top has branching veins.

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14
Q

Psocoptera

A

Barklice and booklice

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15
Q

What suborders are in Phthiraptera?

A

Mallophaga (chewing lice) and Anoplura (sucking lice)

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16
Q

How to tell chewing vs. sucking lice?

A

Chewing lice have 2 tarsal claws/segments and sucking lice have 1 tarsal claw/segment. Also mouthparts.

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17
Q

Thysanoptera and how to ID?

A

Thrips: feathery wings with asymmetrical mouthparts

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18
Q

Ephemeroptera

A

Mayflies

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19
Q

Imago and subimago

A

Imago is adult stage. Subimago is a winged, non-sexual stage unique to mayflies

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20
Q

Suborders of Odonata?

A

Anisoptera (Dragonflies) and Zygoptera (Damselflies)

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21
Q

Dragonfly families and ID

A

Aeshnidae: eyes touching
Libellulidiae: eyes barely touching, boot shape present in hind wing

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22
Q

Damselfly families and ID

A

Calopterygidae: several antenodal crossveins
Coenagrionidae: only 2 antenodal crossveins, veins IR2+ and RP3- nearer nodus than arculus

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23
Q
A

Coenagrionidae

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24
Q
A

Calopterygidae

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25
Q
A

Libullulidae

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26
Q

Characteristics of Orthoptera

A

Wings, large pronotum, saltatorial (jumping) hind legs, well developed ovipositor

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27
Q

Suborders of Orthoptera

A

Caelifera and Ensifera

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28
Q

Caelifera characteristics

A

Short antennae, 3 or less tarsomeres, short robust ovipositor, tympanum on side of 1st abdominal segment, stridulatory apparatus on hind femora and tegmina

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29
Q

Families in Caelifera

A

Acrididae (short-horned grasshoppers), Tetrigidae (pygmy grasshoppers), Tridactylidae (pygmy mole cricket)

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30
Q

Families in Ensifera

A

Tettigoniidae (long-horned grasshoppers), Gryllacrididae (camel or cave crickets), Gryllidae (crickets), Gryllotalpidae (mole cricket)

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31
Q

Ensifera characteristics

A

Long antennae, 3 or 4 tarsomeres, long or spear shaped ovipositor, tympanum at base of front of tibia (or absent), stridulatory apparatus on tegmina (or absent)

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32
Q

How to tell family Acrididae?

A

short horned grasshoppers; tympanum on first abdominal segment, 3 tarsomeres, ovipositor short with sclerotized valves

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33
Q

How to tell family Tetrigidae?

A

pygmy grasshoppers; pronotum extended over abdomen almost to wing tips, 2 tarsomeres on front/middle legs and 3 tarsomeres on hind legs

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34
Q

How to tell family Tridactylidae?

A

pygmy mole crickets; 2 pairs of cerci, no tympanum, front legs fossorial, front/middle legs with 2 tarsomeres, hind leg with 1 or none

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35
Q

How to tell family Gryllotalpidae?

A

mole crickets; tympanum on front tibia, front legs fossorial, tarsi with 3 tarsomeres

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36
Q

How to tell family Tettigoniidae?

A

long horned grasshoppers; long antennae, blade like ovipositor, 4 segmented tarsi, auditory tympana near proximal end of fore tibia

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37
Q

How to tell family Gryllacrididae?

A

camel or cave crickets; wings usually absent, no tympanum on front tibia, usually gray or brown, 4 tarsomeres

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38
Q

How to tell family Gryllidae?

A

crickets; long antennae, tympanum on front tibia, 3 tarsomeres, ovipositor long and spear shaped

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39
Q

Phasmatodea

A

Walking sticks

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40
Q

Heteronemiidae characteristics

A

Most common family of Phasmatodea; 5 segmented tarsi, mesothorax 4x as long as prothorax, wings absent

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41
Q

What is the most common family in Phasmatodea?

A

Heteronemiidae

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42
Q

Plecoptera

A

Stoneflies

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43
Q

Plecoptera characteristics

A

long antennae (25-10 segments), eyes small and widely spaced on head, chewing mouthparts in species that feed

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44
Q
A

Plecoptera (Stoneflies)

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45
Q

Embiidina

A

Webspinners

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46
Q

Embiidina characteristics

A

Tarsi on front legs enlarged containing silk glands, cerci 2 segmented, ocelli absent, females wingless always

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47
Q

Grylloblattodea

A

Rock crawlers and ice crawlers

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48
Q

Grylloblattodea characteristics

A

slender and wingless, pale or white in color, compound eyes small or absent, lack ocelli, long filiform antennae, 5 or 8 segmented cerci

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49
Q

Dermaptera

A

Earwigs

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50
Q

Dermaptera characteristics

A

pincher cerci, 3 segmented tarsi, hind wing folds under short leathery wing (when winged)

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51
Q

Zoraptera

A

Zorapterans (Angel Insects)

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52
Q

Zoraptera characteristics

A

minute, winged or wingless, wings eventually shed leaving stubs, 2 segmented tarsi, cerci short and unsegmented, cerci end in long bristle

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53
Q

Mantophasmatodea

A

Heelwalkers

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54
Q

Mantophasmatodea characteristics

A

2-3 cm, no raptorial forelegs, no jumping hind legs, keep last tarsal segment in air when walking

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55
Q

Mantodea

A

Praying mantis

56
Q

Mantodea characteristics

A

large, raptorial front legs, prothorax lengthened, front coxae long and mobile, head freely movable

57
Q

Families in Mantodea

A

Mantoididae (Mayan Mantid), and Mantidae

58
Q

Characteristics of Mantoididae

A

Mayan Mantids; found in central/south Florida and are small and cockroach like

59
Q

Blattodea

A

Cockroaches and Termites

60
Q

Blattodea characteristics

A

flat oval body, head concealed by pronotum, 5 segmented tarsi, wings present or reduced, long filiform antennae, fast moving

61
Q

Isoptera

A

Termites

62
Q

Isoptera characteristics

A

wings equally sized, filiform antennae, chewing mouthparts, morphology depends on caste

63
Q
A

Embidiina (webspinners)

64
Q
A

Dermaptera (earwigs)

65
Q
A

Grylloblattodea (rock crawlers and ice crawlers)

66
Q
A

Mantophasmatodea (heelwalkers)

67
Q
A

Zoraptera (angel insects)

68
Q
A

Mantodea/Mantidae

69
Q
A

Family Mantoididae (Mayan mantids)

70
Q
A

Isoptera (termites)

71
Q
A

Acrididae (short-horned grasshoppers)

72
Q
A

Tetrigidae (pygmy grasshoppers)

73
Q
A

Tridactylidae (pygmy mole crickets)

74
Q
A

Gryllotalpidae (mole crickets)

75
Q
A

Tettigoniidae (long-horned grasshoppers)

76
Q
A

Gryllacrididae (camel or cave crickets)

77
Q
A

Gryllidae (true crickets)

78
Q
A

family Heteronemiidae (walking sticks)

79
Q
A

family Pseudophasmatidae (striped walking sticks)

80
Q

Collembola

A

Springtails

81
Q

Collembola characteristics

A

body may be elongate or compact/spherical, simple eyes consisting of 8 or less ocelli, forked furcula (spring), moniliform antennae (4-6 segments). Not insects but hexapods.

82
Q
A

Collembola

83
Q
A

Collembola

84
Q

Protura

A

Proturans (no common name)

85
Q

Protura characteristics

A

elongate body, eyes absent, antennae absent, forelegs are not used for walking but function as antennae. Not insects but hexapods.

86
Q
A

Protura

87
Q

Diplura

A

Diplurans (no common name)

88
Q

Diplura characteristics

A

vary in size, cerci may be pincher like similar to dermaptera, moniliform antennae, eyes absent

89
Q
A

Diplura

90
Q

Class Insecta synapomorphies (7)

A

ectognathous mouthparts, annulated antennae, Johnston’s organ in pedicel, posterior tentorial arms fused, subsegmented tarsi (jointed foot), ovipositor formed from segments 8 and 9, spiracles on mesothorax and metathorax

91
Q

What orders make up Thysanura?

A

Microcoryphia (Archaeognatha sp.) and Thysanura (Zygentoma sp. and Lepisma sp.)

92
Q

Microcoryphia

A

Jumping bristletails

93
Q

Microcoryphia characteristics

A

bristletails; elongated body covered in scales, long antennae with many segments, 3 cerci with middle longest, wingless, compound eyes which meet in middle of head

94
Q

Thysanura

A

silverfish and bristletails

95
Q

Thysanura characteristics

A

elongate body covered in scales, small compound eyes or eyeless, wingless, long antennae, 3 cerci of similar length with outer 2 pointing away from body

96
Q
A

Microcoryphia (jumping bristletail)

97
Q
A

Thysanura (silverfish and bristletails)

98
Q

What taxonomic level is Hexapoda?

A

superclass

99
Q

Dicondylia

A

mandibles with two points of articulation

100
Q

Pterygota

A

subclass of insects including wings or secondarily lost them

101
Q

Neoptera

A

possessing wings that can be folded back against the body

102
Q

Halteria

A

presence of haltere

103
Q

Strepsiptera

A

twisted wing parasites

104
Q

Paleoptera

A

possessing wings that cannot be folded against the body (Ephemeroptera and Odonata)

105
Q

Polyneoptera

A

Made up of orthopteroids which have a very foldable, enlarged hindwing

106
Q

Apterygota

A

paraphyletic; primitively wingless

107
Q

exopterygota

A

paraphyletic; external wing development

108
Q

endopterygota

A

internal wing development (complete metamorphosis)

109
Q

How should organisms be classified?

A

by natural relationships (presumed by descent)

110
Q

Phylogenetic systematics

A

grouping by shared derived characters (synapomorphies)

111
Q

Apomorphy

A

derived character (not primitive)

112
Q

Types of apomorphies

A

synapomorphy (shared derived character) or autapomorphy (uniquely derived character)

113
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

ancestral character

114
Q

Symplesiomorphy

A

possession of a shared ancestral character

115
Q

monophyletic group

A

group of all taxa descended from a single ancestor (based on synapomorphy)

116
Q

paraphyletic group

A

group of taxa derived from a single ancestor, but not all (based on symplesiomorphy)

117
Q

polyphyletic group

A

group derived from multiple ancestral lineages (grouped by convergent characters)

118
Q

taxonomy vs. classification definition

A

taxonomy is describing/naming/classifying while classification is defining groups and ranking taxa

119
Q

systematics definition

A

study of diversity/relationships between organisms (taxonomy + classification)

120
Q

function of biological classification

A

provides an information storage and retrieval system, allows biological predictions

121
Q

homology definition

A

similar features in multiple taxa which were inherited from a common ancestor

122
Q

homoplasy (nonhomology) definition

A

a character found in multiple organisms that was not shared by the common ancestor, or one character did not come before the other

123
Q

Remane’s 3 criteria for assessing homology

A
  1. similarity of position, 2. special similarity (structure), 3. connection by intermediates (connection to different structures by intermediate forms)
124
Q

Labrum

A

“upper lip,” helps to pull food into mouth

125
Q

Mandible

A

move side to side to chew, cut, or grind food

126
Q

maxillae

A

move side to side to handle and sense food

127
Q

Labium

A

lower lip (the big structure)

128
Q

Parts of Maxillae

A
129
Q

Parts of Labium

A
130
Q

Sponging mouthparts

A

proboscis (modified labium) is pressed onto food, saliva is secreted and food is picked up by capillary action
No piercing, food channel formed by labrum

131
Q

Siphoning mouthparts

A

proboscis (modified maxillae) is uncoiled, nectar is sucked up
No piercing, food channel formed by maxillae

132
Q

Piercing-sucking mouthparts

A

mandibles and maxillae are formed into stylets enclosed by labium

133
Q

Piercing-sucking cicada mouthparts

A

Piercing by maxillae and mandibles, food channel formed by maxillae

134
Q

Piercing-sucking mosquito mouthparts

A

Piercing by maxillae, mandibles, labrum, and hypopharynx (fascicle); food channel formed by labrum

135
Q

Chewing-lapping mouthparts

A

mandibles used for cutting and feeding, tongue used for sucking liquid

Insect Classification (2 decks)

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