INS Exam 2 2014 Flashcards
The cavernous sinus usually drains into the:
Sigmoid sinus
Superior petrosal sinus
Inferior petrosal sinus
Sphenoparietal sinus
Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
Identify the structure among the following that is a proprioceptor:
Paccinian corpuscle
Meissners corpuscle
Neuromuscular spindle
Ruffini corpuscle
Krause end bulb
Neuromuscular spindle
Which of the following is a correct distinction between the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) branches of the ANS?
Postganglionic fibers of the PNS use norepinephrine, whereas those of the SNS use acetylcholine.
The SNS postganglionic cell bodies are largely present in a chain alongside the spinal cord, whereas the PNS ganglia are more peripherally distributed and close to target tissues.
The PNS has long postganglionic fibers, whereas the SNS has quite short postganglionic fibers.
The PNS is activated during exercise, whereas the SNS is active during feeding.
All of the above
The SNS postganglionic cell bodies are largely present in a chain alongside the spinal cord, whereas the PNS ganglia are more peripherally distributed and close to target tissues.
hronic subdural hematomas are most commonly associated with
A clear history of trauma; arterial bleeding; temporal location; no pre-existing brain disease; associated brain edema and contusions common
No or vague history of trauma; arterial bleeding; fronto-parietal location; no pre-existing brain disease; associated brain edema and contusions uncommon
A clear history of trauma; venous bleeding; temporal location; pre-existing brain atrophy; associated brain edema and contusions common
No or vague history of trauma; venous bleeding; fronto-parietal location; pre-existing brain atrophy; associated brain edema and contusions uncommon
No or vague history of trauma; venous bleeding; fronto-parietal location; pre-existing brain atrophy; associated brain edema and contusions uncommon
Which of the following is MOST likely to be associated with thrombosis located in the mid-section of the right internal carotid artery
Cerebral infarction manifested with coagulative necrosis
Atherosclerosis involving the internal carotid arteries
Longstanding history of atrial fibrillation
A liquefactive cerebral infarction with numerous viable and nonviable appearing red blood cells
Right-sided heart failure with mural thrombosis
Atherosclerosis involving the internal carotid arteries
A 13-year-old developed an intraspinal neoplasm. Microscopic examination revealed a cellular neoplasm which conspicuously exhibited acellular fibrillary regions around blood vessels. Of the following, the tumor is most likely
Astrocytoma
Choroid plexus papilloma
Ependymoma
Ganglioglioma
Lymphoma
Medulloblastoma
Ependymoma
Which of the following drugs blocks both sympathetic and parasympathetic transmission?
Atropine
Curare
Scopolamine
Trimethaphan
Neostigmine
Trimethaphan
An ophthalmologist used a receptor antagonist to examine the eye. The drug not only dilates the pupil but also impaired the patient’s ability to focus his eyes up close. The drug is most likely
Acetylcholine
Epinephrine
Pilocarpine
Homatropine
Cocaine
Homatropine
Treatment of myasthenia gravis has as its goal:
Depletion of T lymphocytes by thymectomy
Increase in transmitter at the neuromuscular junction
Immunomodulation
Removal of disease causing immunoglobulins by dialysis
A, B & C
All of the above
A, B & C
The myasthenic syndrome called Eaton-Lambert is associated with:
Malignancy
Incremental conduction with repetitive stimulation
Post ganglionic changes
Response to pyridostigmine
A & B
A, B & C
All of the above
A & B
There are four motor subsystems. Which one of the following is not considered a subsystem of the neural circuits for movement control?
Basal ganglia
Descending upper motor neuron pathway
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Local circuits in the brainstem
Thalamus
The ratio between the alpha motor neuron and the number of muscle fibers it innervates is associated with the degree of skillfulness needed in the movement. Lower ratio (an average 1:3) controls
Head movements
Postural muscle
The large, fast contracting muscles used in sprinting
Eye muscles
All of the above
Eye muscles
Size principle in recruitment of motor neurons means that
Low threshold slow (3) motor units are recruited first
For the highest levels of activity, only fast fatigable motor units are recruited
Fast fatigable resistant motor units provide the tension required for standing
Jumping requires recruitment of only slow motor units
Low threshold slow (3) motor units are recruited first
Upper motor neurons involved with the control of distal muscles would most likely project to the spinal cord in which of the following patterns?
Lateral gray matter of anterior spinal horn
Lateral gray matter of posterior spinal horn
Medial gray matter of anterior spinal horn
Medial gray matter of posterior spinal horn
In equal proportions to both lateral and medial gray matter
Lateral gray matter of anterior spinal horn
The sensory receptors in the stretch reflex are located in the
Meissners corpuscles
Golgi tendon organs
Intrafusal muscle fibers in muscle spindles
Pacinian corpuscles
Extrafusal muscle fibers
Intrafusal muscle fibers in muscle spindles
A 74-year old woman developed right face, arm and leg weakness. The patient was residing in a rehabilitation facility while recovering from an infection. She was doing well until one morning when she suddenly developed slurred speech and right sided weakness. Medical history was notable for hypertension, coronary artery disease and recent onset of atrial fibrillation. Motor examination also revealed right hyper-reflexia and Babinski sign including dysarthria, decreased right plate movement and rightward tongue deviation with no sensory deficits. The most likely cause of the symptoms was interruption of
Basal ganglia circuitry
The corticospinal and corticobulbar pathway on the right
The corticospinal and corticobulbar pathway on the left
Anterior limb of internal capsule on the right
Anterior limb of internal capsule on the left
The corticospinal and corticobulbar pathway on the left
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that is mainly an impairment of
Serotonergic neurons
Cholinergic neurons
Alpha motor neurons
Gamma motor neurons
Alpha motor neurons
When you pull on a handle, the biceps muscle is contracted. To ensure postural stability, contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle precedes that of the biceps. Two desending upper motor tracts are activated during these movements. What are these two tracts?
Corticospinal, rubrospinal
Corticospinal, vestibulospinal
Corticospinal, reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal, reticulospinal
Rubrospinal, reticulospinal
Corticospinal, reticulospinal
Which of the following structures is involved in micturition?
Orbital-medial prefrontal cortex
A pontine autonomic center
Somatic motor neurons
Sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
All of the above
All of the above
The drug sildenafil, which increases nitric oxide by inhibiting a phosphodiesterase, directly aids
Cognitive aspects of reproduction
The functioning of sympathetic preganglionic neurons
The functioning of sympathetic preganglionic neurons
The relaxation of venous (cavernous) sinusoids
The stimulation of prostatic and vaginal secretions
The relaxation of venous (cavernous) sinusoids
After surgery to treat an occluded left common carotid artery, a 71-year-old man exhibits, on the left side, flushing of the face, a slight ptosis, and a constricted pupil that does not dilate in dim light. These observations suggest that an unintentional consequence of the surgery was injury to which of the following?
Cervical sympathetic trunk
Vagus nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Ventral roots of spinal nerves C6 to C8
Facial nerve
Cervical sympathetic trunk
