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1- PROTOZOOLOGY > INRODUCTION > Flashcards

INRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

DEFINE PROTOZOOLOGY

A

Study of protozoa (unicellular organisms) in which all physiological functions are carried out by the organelles of the cell

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2
Q

KINGDOM PROTISTA

A

-Diverse collection of eukaryotic organisms
-which lack tissue differentiation
-Single celled
-Move independently
-Many are free living, others are parasites

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3
Q

complex life cycles that take place in the cells, bloodstream and tissues of the host (invertebrate-ticks, mosquitoes or vertebrates-mammals, avian)

A

Parasitic protozoa

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4
Q

Most are zoonotic – low host specificity

A

KINGDOM PROTISTA

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5
Q

Differences between Prophyta and Protozoa

A
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5
Q

cell wall- rigid/thick
nuclear material- well defined with membrane
nutrition– holozoic saprozoic
reproduction- binary fission along longitudinal axis except ciliates

A
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6
Q

Protozoa

A

cell wall - non rigid/ thin
nuclear material - dispersed
nutrition- holophytic
reproduction - binary fission along transverse axis

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7
Q

Types of Nucleus

A

Vesicular
Compact

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8
Q

chromatin concentrated in a single mass (endosome or nucleolus)

A

Vesicular

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9
Q

chromatin evenly distributed (homogenous), present in ciliates

A

Compact

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10
Q

reproductive function

A

Micronucleus

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11
Q

Organelles in the cytoplasm
(powerhouse of the cell)

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

vegetative function

A

Macronucleus

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12
Q

carries organs of locomotion (prolongations of the ectoplasm)

A

Cytoplasm

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13
Q

outer part (homogenous and hyaline appearance)

A

Ectoplasm

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14
Q

(regulates osmotic pressure & eliminates waste material)

A

contractile vacuole

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15
Q

(protein synthesis)

A

Ribosomes

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16
Q

(enzymes for digestion)

A

Lysosome

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16
Q

(collect dehydrated proteins)

A

Golgi bodies

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17
Q

Functions ectoplasm:

A

Movement
Food ingestion
Excretion
Respiration
Protection

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18
Q

Granular, pigmented
Contains food vacuoles (role in nutrition)

A

Endoplasm

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19
Q

Movement of Protozoa

A

To obtain food
For reacting to physical and chemical stimuli

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20
Q

protozoa Very marked movement

A

flagellates and ciliates

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21
Q

Modes of Movement

A

Cilia
Pseudopodia
Flagella
Gliding

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22
Q

ciliates, Balantidium, Trichomonas (fine, short, flagella like structures

A

Cilia

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23
Q

false feet (Entamoeba)

A

Pseudopodia-

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24
Q

Mastigophora species (whiplike filamentous structure from a basal granule in the ectoplasm) ex. Trypanosomes

A

Flagella

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25
Q

Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Eimeria (no locomotory organelle

A

Gliding-

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26
Q

Types of Nutrition

A

Holophytic
Holozoic
Saprozoic
Autotrophic

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27
Q

No veterinary importance, COH synthesized by chlorophyll (characteristics of plants)

A

Holophytic

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28
Q

pseudopodia or a cytostome are used to ingest food material from plants or animals and passed to a food vacuole (Pre-formed food utilized thru special organs)

A

Holozoic

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29
Q

uses micropyle (micropore) to ingest fluids/solids

A

Eimeria

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30
Q

– ingest tissues of host through a temporary opening in the body wall (pinocytosis)

A

Entamoeba, Balantidium

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31
Q

absorb nutrients by diffusion and directly used by the organism; stored food seen inside glycogen granules (absorption of dissolved organic matter)

A

Saprozoic

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31
Q

live entirely from inorganic compounds (proteins, COH & lipids are synthesized from them)

A

Autotropic-

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31
Q

parasitic protozoa nutrition

A

= either holozoic or saprozoic; none are autotrophic or holophytic

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31
Q

Ways of Excretion

A

Osmotic pressure
Diffusion
Precipitation
Involves the contractile vacuoles, ectoplasm, cytopyge and other structures.

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32
Q

(Most common)
takes free molecular oxygen in and expels carbon dioxide

A

Aerobic respiration

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32
Q

Sexual -involves the male and female gametes

A

a) Conjugation
b) Syngamy

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33
Q

survive under low oxygen tension since free oxygen is seldom available in the intestine of host

A

facultative or obligate anaerobes

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34
Q

Asexual- does not involve the male and female gametes

A

a) Binary fission
b) Multiple fission (schizogony)
c) External budding
d) Internal budding or endopolygeny
e) Sporogony

35
Q

Ciliata
Exchange nuclear materials:

A

Conjugation

36
Q

macronuclei degenerate while the micronuclei divide and pass nuclear materials into each other forming a

37
Q

2 gametes of different sexes fuse to form a zygote which divides by multiple fission to form sporozoites

37
Q

nucleus divides forming the macronucleus which reproduce into new individuals

37
Q

2 gametes of different sexes fuse to form a zygote which divides by multiple fission to form

A

sporozoites

37
Q

(gamonts in pairs)

38
Q

microgamete (male gamete) and macrogamete (female gamete)

A

are produced from microgametocytes and macrogametocytes

39
Q

2 daughter cells from a parent cell
- Division along the longitudinal axis except for ciliates (transverse axis)
- Nucleus divides first then the cytoplasm (Trypanosoma)

A

Binary fission

40
Q

Nucleus divides several times before cytoplasm does

A

Multiple fission (schizogony)

41
Q

Nucleus divides several times before cytoplasm does
- dividing form is known

42
Q

daughter forms are

A

merozoites (Coccidia, Plasmodium)

42
Q

2 or many daughter forms produced from parent cell (ectopolygeny) which is unequal size of fragment of the nucleus and cytoplasm
- Budded forms are separated off and then grow to full size

A

External budding

42
Q

which is unequal size of fragment of the nucleus and cytoplasm

A

ectopolygeny

43
Q

New progenies are formed within the parent cell and then break off, destroying it (Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis)

A

Internal budding or endopolygeny

44
Q

simplified from of endopolygeny (produces 2 daughter cells)

A

Endodyogeny

45
Q
  • follows syngamy, sporozoites are formed within the walls of the cyst (multiple fission)
46
Q

General Effects of Protozoa Infection
Absorb nutrients e.g

A

Trypanosomes

47
Q

Interfere with normal metabolism by food absorption e.g.

48
Q

Produce toxin e.g.

A

Sarcocystin by Sarcocystis

48
Q

. Phylum Sarcomastigophora

A
  1. Subphylum Mastigophora – with 1 or more flagella
    1. Subphylum Sarcodina – with pseudopodia
48
Q

Destroys tissue e.g.

48
Q

Destroy blood cells and hemopoetic organs e.g.

49
Q

Nucleus is of one type, except in

A

heterokaryotic Foraminifera

50
Q

Locomotory organs are either

A

pseudo- podia or flagella or both.

51
Q

This phylum sarcomastigophora includes three sub- phyla —

A

Mastigophora, Opalinata and Sarcodina

51
Q

produces spores, no locomotory organ

A

Phylum Apicomplexa

51
Q

Reproduction asexually, but when sexu­ally it is essentially by

52
Q

characteristics:

A

All species are parasitic in nature.
Anterior part of the body forms apical complex.
Microspores generally present at some stage.
They reproduce sexually by syngamy.

53
Q

Examples are:
Phylum Apicomplexa

A

Monocystis, Gregarina, Plasmodium, Babesia sp. and Perkinsus sp.

53
Q

is made up of polar rings, rhoptries, micronemes, conoid and subpellicular microtubules.

A

apical complex

53
Q

produce spores with polar filament

A

. Phylum Microspora

53
Q

with amoeboid germinal elements in multicellular spores; trophozoites are multicellular

A

Phylum Myxozoa

54
Q

Phylum Ciliophora characteristics:

A

Most of the species are free living, quite a number are commensal, some truly para­sitic and a large number are found as symphorionts on variety of hosts.
-Simple cilia or compound ciliary organelles are present in at least one stage of life cycle.
-Nuclei are of two types.

54
Q

with cilia e.g. Paramecium

A

. Phylum Ciliophora

55
Q

is present even when surface cilia is absent.

A

Subpellicular cilia

55
Q

Blood and Tissue Flagellates

A

Leishmania sp. and Trypanosoma sp.

55
Q

Phylum Ciliophora characteristics:

A

Presence of typical contractile vacuole.
Nutrition heterotrophic.
Asexual reproduction by transverse binary fission, budding and multiple fission also occur.
Sexual reproduction involves conjuga­tion, autogamy and cytogamy.

55
Q

bear one or more long, slender flagella (sing.,flagellum) for locomotion.

A

Flagellates

55
Q

All forms absorb nutrients from their hosts through the cell membrane (no phagocytosis or cytostomal ingestion)

A

Flagellates

55
Q

contains members which are parasitic - live in blood or fixed tissues of vertebrates at some time in their life cycle.

A

Order Trypanosomatida

56
Q

The flagellum is also called an —
by those engaged in protozoology to accentuate its structural differences from the flagellum of bacteria.

A

undulipodium

57
Q

multiply asexually by binary fission, and certain species from resistant cysts.

A

Flagellates

58
Q

are very close together – the kinetosome is too small to be resolved – only the kinetoplast is seen

A

Kinetosome and kinetoplast

58
Q

has all four forms

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

58
Q

possesses only amastigote & promastigote forms

A

Leishmania spp.

59
Q

Of the seven genera in the Family Trypanosomatidae, only 2 genera, Leishmania and Trypanosoma, are important parasites of humans.

A

Leishmania sp. and Trypanosoma sp.

59
Q

has only epimastigote & trypomastigote

A

Trypanosoma brucei -

60
Q
  • flagella protozoan parasites that live in the blood, lymph and varous tissues of their vertebrate hosts
  • parasites of all vertebrate classes
  • majority are transmitted by blood- feeding invertebrates, although other transmission mechanism exist.
A

trypanosoma

60
Q

structure that gives rise to the flagellum

A

kinetosome

61
Q

dense area of mitochondrial DNA that gives rise to a mitochondrion - located just posterior to kinetosome

A

kinetoplasm

62
Q

first reported human infection with the zoonotic parasite in southeast asia

A

trypanosoma evansi

1- PROTOZOOLOGY (2 decks)

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