INR2002 final (10-14) Flashcards
countries at a relatively low level of economic development
LCDs (less developed countries)
the worlds ______ regions are generally poor, and the worlds ______ regions are generally rich
tropical; temperate
basic structures necessary for social activity such as transportation and telecommunications networks, and power and water supply
infrastructure
raw materials and agricultural products, typically unprocessed or only slightly processed… products that LCDs mainly sold
primary products
a situation in which a market or industry is dominated by only a few firms
oligopoly
the relationship bw a counties export prices and its import prices
terms of trade
a set of policies with the goal of substituting local products for imports, mostly used by developing countries and consisting of trade barriers to encourage domestic manufacturing
ISI (import-substituting industrialization)
an alternative to ISI which was pursued by many east asian countries, where they encouraged manufacturing of goods for export, mostly to america
EOI (export-oriented industrialization)
an array of policy recommendations generally advocated by developed country economists and policy makers
- liberalization
- privatization
- openness to foreign investment
- restrictive monetary and fiscal policies
Washington Consensus
a coalition of developing countries in the UN formed in 1964 w 77 members that wants to seek changes to the international economic order to favor developing countries, now has over 130 members
Group of 77
organizations of producers who cooperate to restrict the supply and raise the price of their products
commodity cartels
a body of rules which binds states and other agents in world politics in their relations with one another and is considered to have the status of law
international law
develops slowly, over time, as states recognize practices as appropriate and correct
customary international law
the degree to which states are legally bound by an international rule.
High _______ rules must be performed in good faith and if breached, required reparations to the injured party
obligation
- the degree to which international legal obligations are fully specified.
- narrow the scope for reasonable interpretation
precision
the degree to which third parties which third parties, such as courts, arbitrators, or mediators are given authority to implement interpret and apply international legal rules; to resolve dispute over rules and make additional rules
delegation
standards of behavior for actors with given identity defined in terms of rights and obligations. they also define what actions are “right” or appropriate under particular circumstances
norms
individuals or groups that seek to advance principled standards of behavior for states and other actors
norms entrepreneurs
a set of individuals and nongovernmental organizations acting in pursuit of a normative object
TAN (transnational advocacy network)
a three-stage model of how norms diffuse within a population and achieve a taken-for-granted status
norms life cycle
a process through which NGO’s in one state are able to activate transnational linkages to bring pressure from other states on their own governments
boomerang model
rights that all individuals possess by virtue of being less of their status as citizens of particular states or members of a group or organization
human rights
“a common standard of achievement for all peoples” and forms the foundation of modern human rights law
UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Right)
an agreement that details the basic civil and political rights of individuals and Nations
ICCPR (international covenant on civil and political rights)
an agreement that details the basic economic, social, and cultural rights of individuals and nations
ICESCR (international covenant on economic, social, and cultural rights)
twin covenants
ICCPR and ICESCR
the UDHR, ICCPR and ICESCR collectively form the core of the international human rights regime
International Bill or Rights
rights that cannot be suspended for any reason, including at times of public emergency.
ex. freedom from torture or cruel and degrading punishment
nonderogable
individuals imprisoned solely bc of the peaceful expression of their beliefs
POCs (prisoners of conscience)
a right that permits individuals to petition international legal bodies directly if they believe a state has violated their rights
individual petition
a court of last resort for human rights cases that possesses jurisdiction only if the accused is a national of a state party, the crime took place on that territory of the state party, or the UN Security Council has referred to the case to the prosector
ICC (international criminal court)
human-induced change in the environment, especially from the emissions of greenhouse gases, leading to higher temperatures around the globe
global climate change
an international agreement that provides an overall framework for intergovernmental efforts on climate change
UNFCCC (united nations framework convention on climate change)
an agreement negotiated under the UNFCCC; the first commitments for the control of greenhouse gas emissions from all signatories
Paris Agreement
a problem that occurs when a resource is open to all without limit. no one has an incentive to conserve, bc others would use the resource in the meantime, so the resource suffers degradation
tragedy of the commons
products that are nonexcludable and nonrival in consumption: clean air or water
public goods
goods that are available to everyone, but such that one user’s consumption of the good reduces the amount available for others. Rival, but nonexcludable
common-pool resources
an amendment to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, that established specific targets for reducing emissions of carbon and five other greenhouse gases throughout 2020.
Kyoto Protocol
a framework convention adopted to regulate activities, especially emissions of CFCs, that damage the ozone layer
Vienna Convention
an international treaty, that is designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number pf CFCs and other chemical compounds
Montreal Protocol
sets limits on emissions, which are then lowered over time to reduce pollutants releasing into the atmosphere. Firms can sell “credits” when they emit less than their allocation or less than their allocation or must buy from others when they emit more than their allocation
cap-and-trade system
the commitment each party to the Paris Agreement makes as to how they will contribute to reducing the threat of global warming
NDC (nationally determined contribution)
costs or benefits for stakeholders other than the actor undertaking an actions.
when it exists the decision maker does not bear all the costs or reap all the gains from his or her action
externalities
