INR2002 final (10-14)

Question 1

countries at a relatively low level of economic development

Answer 1

LCDs (less developed countries)

Question 2

the worlds ______ regions are generally poor, and the worlds ______ regions are generally rich

Answer 2

tropical; temperate

Question 3

basic structures necessary for social activity such as transportation and telecommunications networks, and power and water supply

Answer 3

infrastructure

Question 4

raw materials and agricultural products, typically unprocessed or only slightly processed… products that LCDs mainly sold

Answer 4

primary products

Question 5

a situation in which a market or industry is dominated by only a few firms

Answer 5

oligopoly

Question 6

the relationship bw a counties export prices and its import prices

Answer 6

terms of trade

Question 7

a set of policies with the goal of substituting local products for imports, mostly used by developing countries and consisting of trade barriers to encourage domestic manufacturing

Answer 7

ISI (import-substituting industrialization)

Question 8

an alternative to ISI which was pursued by many east asian countries, where they encouraged manufacturing of goods for export, mostly to america

Answer 8

EOI (export-oriented industrialization)

Question 9

an array of policy recommendations generally advocated by developed country economists and policy makers

• liberalization
• privatization
• openness to foreign investment
• restrictive monetary and fiscal policies

Answer 9

Washington Consensus

Question 10

a coalition of developing countries in the UN formed in 1964 w 77 members that wants to seek changes to the international economic order to favor developing countries, now has over 130 members

Answer 10

Group of 77

Question 11

organizations of producers who cooperate to restrict the supply and raise the price of their products

Answer 11

commodity cartels

Question 12

a body of rules which binds states and other agents in world politics in their relations with one another and is considered to have the status of law

Answer 12

international law

Question 13

develops slowly, over time, as states recognize practices as appropriate and correct

Answer 13

customary international law

Question 14

the degree to which states are legally bound by an international rule.
High _______ rules must be performed in good faith and if breached, required reparations to the injured party

Answer 14

obligation

Question 15

• the degree to which international legal obligations are fully specified.
• narrow the scope for reasonable interpretation

Answer 15

precision

Question 16

the degree to which third parties which third parties, such as courts, arbitrators, or mediators are given authority to implement interpret and apply international legal rules; to resolve dispute over rules and make additional rules

Answer 16

delegation

Question 17

standards of behavior for actors with given identity defined in terms of rights and obligations. they also define what actions are “right” or appropriate under particular circumstances

Answer 17

norms

Question 18

individuals or groups that seek to advance principled standards of behavior for states and other actors

Answer 18

norms entrepreneurs

Question 19

a set of individuals and nongovernmental organizations acting in pursuit of a normative object

Answer 19

TAN (transnational advocacy network)

Question 20

a three-stage model of how norms diffuse within a population and achieve a taken-for-granted status

Answer 20

norms life cycle

Question 21

a process through which NGO’s in one state are able to activate transnational linkages to bring pressure from other states on their own governments

Answer 21

boomerang model

Question 22

rights that all individuals possess by virtue of being less of their status as citizens of particular states or members of a group or organization

Answer 22

human rights

Question 23

“a common standard of achievement for all peoples” and forms the foundation of modern human rights law

Answer 23

UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Right)

Question 24

an agreement that details the basic civil and political rights of individuals and Nations

Answer 24

ICCPR (international covenant on civil and political rights)

Question 25

an agreement that details the basic economic, social, and cultural rights of individuals and nations

Answer 25

ICESCR (international covenant on economic, social, and cultural rights)

Question 26

twin covenants

Answer 26

ICCPR and ICESCR

Question 27

the UDHR, ICCPR and ICESCR collectively form the core of the international human rights regime

Answer 27

International Bill or Rights

Question 28

rights that cannot be suspended for any reason, including at times of public emergency.
ex. freedom from torture or cruel and degrading punishment

Answer 28

nonderogable

Question 29

individuals imprisoned solely bc of the peaceful expression of their beliefs

Answer 29

POCs (prisoners of conscience)

Question 30

a right that permits individuals to petition international legal bodies directly if they believe a state has violated their rights

Answer 30

individual petition

Question 31

a court of last resort for human rights cases that possesses jurisdiction only if the accused is a national of a state party, the crime took place on that territory of the state party, or the UN Security Council has referred to the case to the prosector

Answer 31

ICC (international criminal court)

Question 32

human-induced change in the environment, especially from the emissions of greenhouse gases, leading to higher temperatures around the globe

Answer 32

global climate change

Question 33

an international agreement that provides an overall framework for intergovernmental efforts on climate change

Answer 33

UNFCCC (united nations framework convention on climate change)

Question 34

an agreement negotiated under the UNFCCC; the first commitments for the control of greenhouse gas emissions from all signatories

Answer 34

Paris Agreement

Question 35

a problem that occurs when a resource is open to all without limit. no one has an incentive to conserve, bc others would use the resource in the meantime, so the resource suffers degradation

Answer 35

tragedy of the commons

Question 36

products that are nonexcludable and nonrival in consumption: clean air or water

Answer 36

public goods

Question 37

goods that are available to everyone, but such that one user’s consumption of the good reduces the amount available for others. Rival, but nonexcludable

Answer 37

common-pool resources

Question 38

an amendment to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, that established specific targets for reducing emissions of carbon and five other greenhouse gases throughout 2020.

Answer 38

Kyoto Protocol

Question 39

a framework convention adopted to regulate activities, especially emissions of CFCs, that damage the ozone layer

Answer 39

Vienna Convention

Question 40

an international treaty, that is designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number pf CFCs and other chemical compounds

Answer 40

Montreal Protocol

Question 41

sets limits on emissions, which are then lowered over time to reduce pollutants releasing into the atmosphere. Firms can sell “credits” when they emit less than their allocation or less than their allocation or must buy from others when they emit more than their allocation

Answer 41

cap-and-trade system

Question 42

the commitment each party to the Paris Agreement makes as to how they will contribute to reducing the threat of global warming

Answer 42

NDC (nationally determined contribution)

Question 43

costs or benefits for stakeholders other than the actor undertaking an actions.
when it exists the decision maker does not bear all the costs or reap all the gains from his or her action

Answer 43

externalities