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International Affairs > INR 3003 Exam I > Flashcards

INR 3003 Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

realpolitik

A

power politics

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2
Q

Historical/intellectual realists

A

Thucydides, Niccolo Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, Carl von Clausewitz

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3
Q

The father of classical realism in the U.S.

A

Hans Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations (1948)

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4
Q

Idealist U.S. President

A

Woodrow Wilson

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5
Q

Hobbesian view

A

mankind is inherently selfish, evil, and aggressive

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6
Q

When was there a shift in thinking among realists to Neo-/Structural-Realism?

A

The 1960s and 70s

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7
Q

Who led the way to the shift in Neo-/Structural-Realism?

A

Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (1979)

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8
Q

Main difference between realism and structural realsim

A

In structural realism, the system drives states. The structure of the system creates insecurity, which leads states to act in a manner that leads to conflict. Shift away from emphasis on power – now security for the sake of survival.

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9
Q

3 assumptions of realism

A

states are rational unitary actors, states seek security, and we live in a state of anarchy

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10
Q

Example of bandwagoning in the Sung Dynasty (10th century)

A

Economically strong, not militarily. Liao pesters Sung in the north. Sung looks to the north of Lao, the Jurchens, for military backup to defeat Liao. The Jurchens took Sung territory and pushed them south. The Sung then made an alliance to the Mongols (north of the Jurchens), who took everything.

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11
Q

Ex of bandwagoning with Germany and Russia in WWII (1939)

A

Germany and Russia signed non-aggression pact. Russia weaker (bandwagoned for security) –> backfired. Germany invaded Russia.

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12
Q

What is better than bandwagoning?

A

Balance

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13
Q

Uni-polarity

A

one major power/one hegemon – can breed insecurity

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14
Q

Bi-polarity

A

2 poles of power – in favor by majority of realists. 2 sides off-set each other. True balance of power – peace.

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15
Q

Multi-polarity

A

multiple different players/seats of power. Realists say we are moving towards this. Not a good thing to realists – instability, insecurity.

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16
Q

What was the big game changer that led to WWI?

A

German unification in 1871

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17
Q

Relative gains (Zero-Sum)

A

what one gains over or at the expense of another. No compromising. “I’m the only who who got stronger.”

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18
Q

Who orchestrated the unification of Germany?

A

Otto von Bismarck

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19
Q

Triple Entente

A

Great Britain, France, Russia

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20
Q

Central Powers

A

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

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21
Q

pyrrhic victory

A

such a devastating cost that it is tantamount to defeat, victory not worth winning, cost more than gained

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22
Q

Who was the most unscathed after WWI and why?

A

The U.S. – isolation

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23
Q

What was formed after WWI?

A

the League of Nations

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24
Q

Goals of the League

A

to democratize the world, bring powers together in cooperation, facilitate communication, and ensure the collective security of the world

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25
Q

Which major power was NOT in the League?

A

The U.S.

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26
Q

What happened in Japan to expose the weakness of the League?

A

Japan (Manchukuo) invaded Manchuria. The League was opposed to Japan’s actions, but couldn’t do anything about it because Japan has a vote and veto power. No one could put up military forces, and Japan backed out of the League in 1933.

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27
Q

What happened in Italy to expose the weakness of the League?

A

Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935 – the League condemned these actions. They voted to sanction everything except oil, which would have actually hurt Italy, because Italy threatened war if there was an oil embargo. Britain and France recognized the conquest in 1936.

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28
Q

When did Germany pull out of the League and what followed?

A

1933, when the Nazis came to power. 1935: full-scale re-armament (not allowed under the Treaty of Versailles). 1936: re-militarized Rhineland (de-militarized zone-buffer for France). 1938: annexed Austria, talking about Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.

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29
Q

What happened at the Munich conference?

A

Italy, Germany, France, and Britain talk. Britain and France appease the Germans: take Sudetenland but nothing else. Germany took over Czechoslovakia.

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30
Q

Mearsheimer’s 5 assumptions of the international system (realist):

A
  1. we live in anarchy, 2. major powers possess offensive military capabilities that they might use against each other, 3. states can never be certain about the intentions of other states, 4. survival is the primary goal of the state, 5. great powers are rational actors: they make decisions to ensure their own survival.
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31
Q

Who met at the Big 3 at Yalta and Potsdam, when, and what was the result?

A

Great Britian, the U.S., and the Soveit Union in Feb. and July 1945 (after WWII). Germany divided between 4 powers (those + France).

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32
Q

What did the Berlin Wall and the division of Germany represent?

A

2 different visions: democratic West vs. communist East

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33
Q

Why did the major powers after WWII divide Germany?

A

If one power “got” Germany, that power would win – that had to be avoided in order to prevent another war

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34
Q

The Marshall Plan

A

Escalated tensions: linked 3 Western zones together economically, seen as threatening to Soviets – respond with a blockade on Berlin for 1 year.

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35
Q

How long did the Berlin Wall last?

A

1949-1989

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36
Q

What is the result of 2 powers having nuclear capabilities?

A

Deterrence

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37
Q

Why was the Suez Canal important and for whom was it most important?

A

Geography - trade, shortened transportation route for oil. Britain, had influence in Egypt.

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38
Q

What happened in Egypt in 1952?

A

Internal revolution – Pan-Arab nationalist government and Gamal Abdel Nasser – Britian loses control of Egypt

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39
Q

Suez War (Oct. 1956)

A

Cold War proxy conflict. The U.S. asked that Britain, France, and Israel leave Egypt – impose sanctions instead. They pull out and war ends March 1957.

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40
Q

Mutually assured destruction (M.A.D.)

A

comes with nuclear warfare – risks too high, no one willing to go there. Gives both sides deterrenec.

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41
Q

What happened between the Chinese and Russians in 1959?

A

They split and became enemies.

42
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis

A

1962: Soviets helped Cubans and placed nuclear warheads

43
Q

What happened in Afghanistan in the Cold War?

A

The Soviets propped up the government, turned out to be their Vietnam. Pulled out after 10 year – unsuccessful.

44
Q

Gorbachev

A

Came into power in Soviet Union in mid-1980s. Communist, but not like predecessors – praised reform movements in Eastern Europe, 1989 Berlin wall came down – democracies.

45
Q

What signaled the end to the Cold War?

A

The Malta Conference in Dec. 1989 with the U.S., Soviet Union, and Great Britain

46
Q

Treaty of Westphalia

A

1648: After 30 Years War: first time states sit down and agree to respect the sovereignty of one another – attempt to bring peace and stability

47
Q

Concert of Europe

A

1815: followed Napoleonic Wars

48
Q

When was the League of the Nations in existence?

A

Between the World Wars

49
Q

What international attempt at cooperation do we have now?

A

The U.N.

50
Q

Liberals throughout history

A

Hugo Grotius:international law, John Locke: natural rights of man/limited government, Adam Smith: capitalism/economic interaction/competition, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, Immanuel Kant: democracy

51
Q

When was classical liberalism developed?

A

1700s – american and French Revolutions, people calling for more rights, respect from government, constitutional governments, democracy, free markets

52
Q

Where does neo-liberalism originate?

A

American idealism (time of WWII)

53
Q

Assumptions of Liberalism

A

collective security, cooperation under anarchy, reciprocity, interdependence, collective goods, absolute/non-zero sum gains

54
Q

Exs of International governmental organizations

A

International Monetary Fund, NATO

55
Q

Exs of non-governmental organizations

A

Red Cross, Doctors without Borders, Amnesty International

56
Q

Exs of multi-national corporations

A

Walmart, Coke, Apple

57
Q

Absolute/Non-Zero Sum Gains

A

everyone is able to benefit. Don’t have to benefit equally. Everyone gets something and is better off because of interaction with one another.

58
Q

What is the outcome for the liberal prisoner’s dilemma?

A

1 year for each prisoner – work with each other, avoid worst outcomes but compromise

59
Q

What 2 components change in the liberal prisoner’s dilemma?

A

repetitive contact and mutuality of interests

60
Q

how do liberals think?

A

In terms of relationships

61
Q

Robert Axelrod Study

A

conducted to see which strategy for the Prisoner’s Dilemma is most effective – cooperation won

62
Q

Tit-for-Tat

A

Prisoner’s Dilemma strategy based on reciprocity. First move is cooperation – with repetitive contact cooperation wins out. All about how state treat each other.

63
Q

Increasing what ensures cooperation?

A

the costs of defection

64
Q

How to increase the costs of defection:

A

focus on reputation costs and monitoring

65
Q

monitoring

A

making sure states uphold their agreements – done by international organizations – less likely to evade

66
Q

1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

A

Russia & U.S. not wanting to destroy nuclear weapons but to control them. The NPT seeks lessened production. Pillars: non-proliferation, disarmament, promoting peaceful use of nuclear energy.

67
Q

Problems with the NPT

A

Some states never signed the treaty but use Nuclear weapons. North Korea signed and pulled out after monitoring. Some states are members in non-compliance. Realist problem: we cant’ stop anyone from becoming a nuclear power.

68
Q

Ex of interdependence gone wrong

A

Great Depression

69
Q

How did the Industrial Revolution change things with China?

A

Forced trade and concessions through wars (Opium Wars)

70
Q

What happened in China in 1912?

A

the Qing Dynasty fell, ending over 2,000 years of China’s imperial history. This began a period of warlord-ism

71
Q

Chinese civil war

A

1928: new government – nationalist Guomindang. Communist vs. nationalists fought 1927-1949.

72
Q

People’s Republic of China

A

1949: communist era, Chairman Mao Zedong

72
Q

Whom did the U.S. recognize as the legitimate government of China?

A

Taiwan – nationalist government that fled

73
Q

Why did Mau begin secret negotiations with the U.S.?

A

To revive the economy (needed food) and to increase international standing – needed to get into the U.N.

74
Q

What status does Taiwan have?

A

Non-state: PRoC in U.N. –> out

75
Q

Who was the first President to go to China?

A

Nixon in 1972

76
Q

Who followed Mau and what was he like?

A

Deng Xiaoping: architect of China today. Paired socialism with a market economy.

77
Q

Who was the ruler after Xiaoping?

A

Jiang Zemin (1997)

78
Q

Who was the ruler after Zemin and what took place under him?

A

Hu Jintao: 2008 Beijing Olympics

79
Q

Who is the current leader of China?

A

Xi Jinping

80
Q

What is China’s main issue with the U.S. today?

A

Human rights

81
Q

What is the cause of dispute between China and Japan today?

A

The Senkaku Islanda

83
Q

What is China’s economy based on?

A

Trade – they need USA

84
Q

How are states organized?

A

by borders and in terms of identity

85
Q

When does the concept of the nation-state take hold?

A

After the World Wars

86
Q

What is at the core of the state and nation system?

A

legitimacy

87
Q

Vertical legitimacy

A

ruler of a group has to establish his right to rule in an area within boundaries

88
Q

Horizontal legitimacy

A

Looking across a population to find out who beings

89
Q

What pre-dates the nation-state?

A

Feudalism - 1300s: king –> aristorcrats – people. No clearly defined boundaries, no centralized burocracy or taxation

90
Q

Who began the break-down of the feudal system and why? (sort of first modern nation-state)

A

Louis XIV of France (1643-1715): increase the power of the state and its security – build larger army. Needed taxes, therefore needed centralized administration. Began to break down the feudal system – taxes went to the king instead of a lord.

91
Q

What kind of army did the French have in the Napoleonic wars?

A

citizen army

92
Q

How and when did France spread revolutionary nationalist ideas?

A

The Napoleonic Wars: 1861-71

93
Q

What did Woodrow Wilson say was the chief reason for war?

A

Nationalism.

94
Q

What was the purpose of Yugoslavia?

A

Attempt to appease Serbian south Slavs in one state – 1929.

95
Q

When did Yugoslavia fall apart and what was the result?

A

1929: an ethnic cleansing/genocide took place

96
Q

What happened when the Turks tried to make a nation state?

A

Armenian massacre from 1915-22

97
Q

Which were the only non-nation states after WWII and what happened to change that?

A

the U.S.S.R. and Yugoslavia – de-colonization

98
Q

What is the goal of colonization?

A

Extraction – take resources. Built up European empires in 1880s

99
Q

What happened after Britain created Iraq in 1920 (mandate after WWI)

A

Muslim divisions of Sunni, Shiite, and Kurds – fighting

100
Q

Whom has India been in conflict with and why?

A

Pakistan. India is Hindu; Pakistan is Muslim. Those on the wrong side of the borders had to migrate and violence broke out. Conflict over Kashmir – Muslim but in India.

101
Q

What is the conflict in Palestine?

A

Arab population that Jews call their homeland. Israel was created in 1948 and Jews got more land than Arabs – war began.

International Affairs (2 decks)

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