Inquizitive: Chapter 2

Question 1

Comparison group

Answer 1

A group in an experiment whose levels on the independent variable differ from those of the treatment group in some intended and meaningful way (aka comparison condition)

Question 2

Confound

Answer 2

A general term for a potential alternative explanation for a research finding; a threat to internal validity

Question 3

Confederate

Answer 3

An actor who is directed by the researcher to play a specific role in a research study

Question 4

Probabilistic

Answer 4

Describing the empirical method, stating that science is intended to explain a certain proportion (but not necessarily all) of the possible cases

Question 5

Availability heuristic

Answer 5

A bias in intuition, in which people incorrectly estimate the frequency of something, relying predominantly on instances that easily come to mind rather than using all possible evidence in evaluating a conclusion

Question 6

Present/present bias

Answer 6

A bias in intuition, in which people incorrectly estimate the relationship between an event and its outcome, focusing on times the event and outcome are present, while failing to consider evidence that is absent and harder to notice

Question 7

Confirmation bias

Answer 7

The tendency to consider only the evidence that supports a hypothesis, including asking only the questions that will lead to the expected answer

Question 8

Bias blind spot

Answer 8

The tendency for people to think that compared to others, they themselves are less likely to engage in biased reasoning

Question 9

Empirical journal article

Answer 9

A scholarly article that reports for the first time the results of a research study

Question 10

Review journal article

Answer 10

An article summarizing all the studies that have been published in one research area

Question 11

Meta-analysis

Answer 11

A way of mathematically averaging the effect sizes of all the studies that have tested the same variables to see what conclusion that whole body of evidence supports

Question 12

Effect size

Answer 12

The magnitude, or strength, of a relationship between two or more variables

Question 13

Paywalled

Answer 13

Term referring to a peer-reviewed academic journal that the general public must pay to access; only people who are members of subscribing institutions can access the content

Question 14

Open access

Answer 14

Term referring to a peer-reviewed academic journal that anyone, even the general public, can read without paying for access

Question 15

Disinformation

Answer 15

A news story, photo, or video deliberately created to be false or misleading