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mod 5: heredity > INQUIRY Q1 > Flashcards

INQUIRY Q1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

The act of producing genetically different offspring from two parent organisms as a result of the fusion of male and female gametes through fertilisation.

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2
Q

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

A
  1. Produces genetic variation
  2. Enables organisms to adapt to different environments
  3. Disease and mutation are less likely to affect the population
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3
Q

Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

A
  1. Time and energy is required to find a mate
  2. Two organisms are needed to produce offspring
  3. Fewer offspring are produced at a time
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4
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

The act of producing genetically identical offspring from a singular parent organism without sex gametes. The offspring will be genetically identical to other offspring produced by the parent organism.

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5
Q

Type of Asexual Reproduction:

Binary Fission

A

When a cell copies its DNA and then it splits in two, with a copy of its DNA in each of its daughter cells (cytokinesis).

e.g. Bacteria (have nuclear material) and archaea

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6
Q

Type of Asexual Reproduction:

Budding

A

When an organism spilt off a small part of themselves to grow a new organism.

e.g. Yeast and hydra

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7
Q

Type of Asexual Reproduction:

Fragmentation

A

When a parent organism is split into multiple parts which grow to be independant organisms.

e.g. Sea stars and fungi

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8
Q

Type of Asexual Reproduction:

Sporogenesis

A

The production of reproductive cells (spores) which can grow into a new organism.

e.g. Fungi

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9
Q

Type of Asexual Reproduction:

Parthenogenesis

A

When an unfertilised egg develops into a new organism, which by necessity possesses only genes from its mother organism.

e.g. Bees and ants

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10
Q

Type of Asexual Reproduction:

Vegetative Propagation

A

When a plant grows a new shoot which is capable of becoming a whole new organism.

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11
Q

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

A
  1. Population exponentially increases when condiitions are favourable
  2. Only one organism is required
  3. More time and energy effcient as there is no need to find a mate
  4. More offspring are produced at a time and is a faster process than Sexual Reproduction
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12
Q

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

A
  1. Lack of genetic diveristy in the population
  2. Unable to adapt to a changing/new envirnoment
  3. Disease and mutation is more likely affect all individuals in a population
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13
Q

Qualities of Internal Reproduction

A
  • Zygote develops inside an organism (internal environment)
  • Likelihood of fertilised egg surviving is high
  • No. of eggs produced are few
  • Fertilisation occurs internally in the organism
  • Mammals, land plants, reptiles and birds usually reproduce by Internal Reproduction
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14
Q

Qualities of External Reproduction

A
  • Zygote develops outside an organism (external enivornment)
  • Likelihood of fertilised egg surviving is low
  • No. of eggs produced are high
  • Fertilisation occurs in an aquatic environment
  • Fish, amphibians and algae usually reproduce by External Reproduction

As E.R occurs externally, developing offspring are exposed, so they could contract diseases, be eaten or dry out.

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15
Q

Angiosperms

A

Plants that reproduce by Sexual Reproduction

Some angiosperms contain both male and female reprouctive parts, while others contain only male or only female parts.

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16
Q

Features of the Pistil (female plant reproduction organ)

A
  1. The Stigma is the top of the Pistil, has a sticky surface for pollen to stick to
  2. The Style connects the Stigma to the Ovary
  3. The Ovary contains Ovules (eggs).
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17
Q

Features of the Stamen (male plant reproduction organ)

A
  1. The Anther produces sperm nuclei through meiosis, then sperm nuclei are enclosed by pollen grains
  2. The Filament holds up the Anther.
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18
Q

Pollination

A

Transfer of pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma.

Plants can self-pollinate or cross-pollinate.

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19
Q

Self-Pollination

A

When a plant’s own pollen fertilises its own ovules.

Some plants have features that prevent self-pollination where pollen and ovules develop at different times.

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20
Q

Cross-Pollination

A

When the wind or animals (pollinators) move pollen from one plant to fertilise the ovules of another plant.

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21
Q

Cross-Pollination:

Wind

A

Anther releases pollen in the air and the wind brings the pollen to another plant.

The flower doesn’t have petals or has small petals. The Anther is on a long filament extending in the air so large amounts of pollen can be released. Pollen is light so it can travel in the air. Large stigma are exposed so they can catch pollen in the air.

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22
Q

Cross-Pollination:

Insects

A

Bees are attracted to flowers and transfer as they move to different flowers.

Flowers have scent, colour and petals. Filament are usually short and stiff can be transferred onto an insect as it brushes past.

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23
Q

Cross-Pollination:

Birds

A

Birds are attracted to nectar in flowers and transfer pollen via their bills as they move.

The flowers are often long and thin, so beaks are need. The flower has sticky pollen and large amounts of nectar. Birds are attracted to the colour red.

24
Q

Step 1 of Angiosperm Fertilisation:

Pollination

A
  • Male gametes contained in pollen are carrired by wind and pollinators
  • Pollen is then deposited on another plant’s stigma
25
Q

Step 2 of Angiosperm Fertilisation:

Growth of pollen tube

A
  • Pollen tubes in the pollen, grow toward the ovum to provide a path for the sperm to reach the ovum
26
Q

Step 3 of Angiosperm Fertilisation:

Penetration of the ovum

A
  • Pollen tubes penetrate the ovum containing the female gamete
27
Q

Step 4 of Angiosperm Fertilisation:

Fertilisation

A
  • Sperm travels down the pollen tube and fertilises the egg, forming a zygote
  • Zygote grows into the plant embryo by mitosis
  • The ovary and embryo develops and ripens, the embryo transforms into a seed and ovary transforms into a fruit
  • The seed is then dispersed by wind, animals, fire, water and explosion
28
Q

Follicular Phase

A
  • Hypothalamus releases GnRH to pituitary gland
  • FSH is secreted from the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of follicles
  • A dominant follicle survives and produces oestrogen
  • FSH secretion is inhibited to prevent other follicles growing
  • Oestrogen acts upon the uterus to stimulate the thickening of the endometial layer
29
Q

Ovulation

A
  • Oestrogen stimulates the pituitary to secrete LH and less FSH (negative feedback)
  • LH causes the follicle to rupture and release an ovum, which is ovulation
30
Q

Luteal Phase

A
  • Starts after ovulation and ends with the first day of period
  • Ruptured follicle develops into corpus luteum
  • Corpus luteum secretes high levels of progesterone and lowers level of oestrogen
  • Progesterone causes the endometrium to thicken so the fertilised egg can implant
  • Oestrogen and progesterone inhibit FSH and LH, preventing follicles from developing (negative feedback)
31
Q

Menstrual Phase

A
  • If fertilisation doesn’t occur, corpus luteum degenerates forming corpus albicans, progesterone and oestrogen levels decreases
  • Causing the shedding of the endometrial layer(period)
  • Egg is reasborbed into body.
32
Q

Step 1 of Implantation:

Sperm reaching the ovum

A
  • During copulation, half a million sperm are introduced into the vagina and a few hundred reach the ovum with the help from vaginal contractions
32
Q

Step 2 of Implantation:

Fertilisation

A
  • Occurs when the haploid ovum fuses with the haploid sperm to form a diploid zygote
33
Q

Step 3 of Implantation:

Growth of the Zygote

A
  • The Zygote grows by mitosis as it travels along the oviduct toward the uterus
34
Q

Step 4 of Implantation:

Implantation

A
  • After a week, the zygote, which is now a blastocyst, reaches the uterus
  • the Blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall which is called implantation
35
Q

Hormones involved in pregancy:

First Trimester

(first day of period to week 12)

A
  • hCG increases rapidly, the presence of hCG in urine is used to confirm pregnancy in a testing kit
  • hCG maintains the corpus luteum so it can continue to secrete progesterone and oestrogen
  • hCG is essential for maintaining the uterus lining to support embryonic development
  • Relaxin levels are highest in the first trimester to promote implantation and inhibits wall contractions to prevent premature childbirth
36
Q

Hormones involved in pregancy:

Second Trimester

(week 13-26)

A
  • High levels of oestrogen and progesterone are vital to continue
    maintaining the pregnancy
  • Production of HCG declines and the corpus luteum deteriorates
  • Placenta takes over role of producing oestrogen and progesterone
37
Q

Hormones involved in pregancy:

Third Trimester

(week 27-40)

A
  • Increased oestrogen is released and levels peak
  • Oestrogen induces receptors to form on the uterus wall that can bind with Oxytocin
  • Oxytocin is critical to triggering and maintain labour, causes muscular contractions of the uterus, which push the baby towards the cervix and vaginal opening
  • Once the baby is born, Oxytocin promotes lactation by moving the milk into the breast
38
Q

Selective Breeding

A

Involves humans choosing parent organims with specfic characteristics and traits to breed together in hopes of passing the specfic trait to the offspring.

39
Q

Advantages of Selective Breeding

A
  • Desirable trait can be passed down
40
Q

Disadvantages of Selective Breeding

A
  • Same strengths and weaknesses as the parent organisms
  • Infectious diseases can spread more likely
  • Increased likelihood of inbreeding
41
Q

Artifical Insemination

A

Where sperm is placed directly in the cervix or uterus by mechanical equipment.

42
Q

Advantages of Artifical Insemination

A
  • Provides access to the best genetics, supporting animal health and the safety of people who work on farms.
43
Q

Disadvantages of Artifical Insemination

A
  • Requires well-trained operations and special equipment.
  • Requires more time than natural services.
  • Necessitates the knowledge of the structure and function of reproduction on the part of the operator.
  • Improper cleaning of instruments and in sanitary conditions may lead to lower fertility
44
Q

Artifical Pollination

A

When pollen from the male anther is inserted upon the stigma of the female flower.

A technique that can be used to pollinate plants when natural or open pollination is either undesirable or insufficient.

45
Q

Advantages of Artifical Pollination

A
  • Can increase the fruit size and seed numbers
  • Can convert flowers to export fruits.
  • Doesn’t depend on any chance factors
  • Generate a large variety of hybrid plants
46
Q

Disadvantages of Artifical Pollination

A
  • It is inefficient and costly
  • Does not produce as many crops as natural pollination
  • Produces less biodiversity
47
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Genetic modification of plants involves adding a specific stretch of DNA into the plant’s genome, giving it a new or different characteristic.

Genetic Engineering allows scientists to take a beneficial gene and transfer it on a new plant.

48
Q

Advantages of Genetic Engineering

A
  • Increased crop yields
  • Reduced costs for food or drug production
  • Reduced need for pesticides
  • Enhanced nutrient composition and food quality
  • Resistance to pests and disease, greater food security, and medical benefits to the world’s growing population.
49
Q

Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering

A
  • Allergic reactions or increased antibiotic resistance.
  • Change in Herbicide Use Patterns.
  • Squandering of Valuable Pest Susceptibility Genes.
  • Poisoned Wildlife.
  • Creation of New or Worse Viruses.
  • Cross Contamination.
50
Q

Tubers

A

They develop when specialised stem branches grow into the ground and swell up with cells containing starch, creating buds. The buds on the tuber will grow into new plants.

51
Q

Sucker

A

A sucker is a new plant growing from the root tissue of a parent plant.

52
Q

Runners (stolons)

A

Runners are long, slender stems that grow along the surface of the soil. For example in strawberries, runners from the parent plants will develop nodes, then each node will develop a new cloned plant with leaves, flowers and roots.

53
Q

Rhizomes

A

Some plants (e.g. grasses, cattails and sedges) produce underground stems or rhizomes that grow horizontally. As the stem grows, they will periodically produce adventitous roots and above ground shoots.

54
Q

Bulb

A

A bulb is a short underground stem with thick leaves surronding it that stores food. Within the correct conditions are right, a bulb will develop into a mature plant, using food stored in the bulb until it is able to make its own food.

mod 5: heredity (3 decks)

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