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Introduction to Biology > Inorganic Chemistry > Flashcards

Inorganic Chemistry Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the basic unit of matter?

A

The atom

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1
Q

What is chemistry?

A

The scientific study of the properties of matter

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2
Q

What is an element?

A

A pure substance consisting of only one type of atom

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3
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus

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4
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

Electrons in the outermost electron shell; those that are going to interact with other atoms

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5
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms bonded together

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6
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom with a charge. Cations have a positive charge, while anions have a negative charge.

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7
Q

What are the noble gases?

A

Naturally occurring elements that have a full valence shell (8 electrons); found in the periodic table in columns 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18.

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8
Q

Define electronegativity.

A

A measure of the attractive force an atom exerts on electrons

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9
Q

What information is found in a square of the periodic table? (From top to bottom)

A

Name of the element
Atomic number
Abbreviation
Atomic mass

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10
Q

What kind of bond will form between two atoms with very similar electronegativity?

A

Non-polar covalent bond

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11
Q

What kind of bond will form between two atoms with very different electronegativity?

A

Ionic bond

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12
Q

What kind of bond will form between two atoms with a sort of intermediate attractiveness?

A

Polar covalent bond

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13
Q

What is a partial charge?

A

When an atom stays most of the time positively or negatively charged

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14
Q

Define polarity.

A

The property of having poles

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15
Q

What is strong nuclear energy?

A

When particles of the same charge stick together as a result of being tightly packed together (like protons in an atom’s nucleus), thus surpassing the repelling power of like charges

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16
Q

What is crystalline structure?

A

Ordered water molecules that were formed by hydrogen bonds that occurred at the same time

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17
Q

Define specific heat.

A

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance 1degree C

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18
Q

Explain capillary action.

A

The ability of water to rise against the forces of gravity in small tubes.
Capillary action = cohesion + adhesion

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19
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Alike molecules sticking together as a result of their polar nature

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20
Q

What is adhesion?

A

One type of polar molecules bonding with another type of polar molecules

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21
Q

What is the opposite term to ‘intermolecular’?

A

Intramolecular (within a molecule)

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22
Q

What is the opposite term to ‘hydrophobic’?

A

Hydrophilic (water-loving)

23
Q

What is a solution?

A

A mixture in which one substance (soluble) is dissolved in another (solvent)
A solution can be unsaturated, saturated, or supersaturated

24
Q

What is solubility?

A

The maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a particular solvent at specific temperature and pressure

25
Q

Explain diffusion.

A

The spread of molecules from areas of high concentrations to areas of low concentrations

26
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The process of solvent molecules moving across a semipermeable membrane

27
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The amount of external pressure that is needed to equalize two solutions

28
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

A solution that has the same concentration of solute as a given solution

29
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

A solution that has a lower concentration of solute than a given solution

The opposite is a hypertonic solution

30
Q

What is pressure?

A

Pressure is force per unit area applied in a direction perpendicular to the surface of an object.

Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the ratio of force to the area over which that force is distributed.

31
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

A logarithmic measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

32
Q

What is the pH of water?

A

7 (neutral)

33
Q

Define a log scale.

A

A non-linear relationship between data (every time I move a unit on the x-scale, I move ten times as much as the previous y-unit.)

It allows us to measure a wider range of values (e.g.: Richter scale)

34
Q

What is an acid?

A

A molecule that DONATES hydrogen ions.

Any value that is less than 7 is defined as an acid, because it has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than water.

35
Q

What is a base?

A

Any sort of molecule that can ACCEPT a hydrogen ion.

Anything that has a value that is greater than 7 is a base.

36
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties.

37
Q

Explain kinetic energy.

A

Energy that a body possesses by virtue of being in motion.

38
Q

Describe potential energy.

A

The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses in itself, electric charge, or other factors.

39
Q

What does the Law of thermodynamics 1 say?

A

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but it can be converted one form to another

40
Q

What does the Law of thermodynamics 2 say?

A

Not all energy can be used

Entropy (or disorder) tends to increase over time

41
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

The process in which molecules interact to form new substances

42
Q

What does Redox reactions stand for?

A

Oxidation-reduction reactions

Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a substance
Reduction is the gain of electrons by a substance

43
Q

What is the human blood acceptable pH range?

A

7.35 - 7.45

44
Q

What is the percentage of water in the blood?

A

83%

45
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

A reaction that will NOT occur spontaneously

46
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

A reaction that will occur spontaneously

47
Q

Define reactant.

A

Molecules that are going to interact

48
Q

Reactants —> chemical reaction —> ???

A

Products

49
Q

What is chemical equilibrium?

A

When reactants and products exist simultaneously, work in opposition.

Altering the characteristics of the environment can change the proportions at which they exist.

50
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A solution whose pH will not change much when small amounts of acid or base are added to it.

51
Q

Define ‘energy’ as it relates to science.

A

The ability to do work

52
Q

What is the main characteristic of a strong acid or base?

A

It completely dissociates in water.

On the contrary, a weak acid or base will partially dissociate.

53
Q

What is pKa?

A

I don’t know yet!

It tells how strong or weak an acid is.

54
Q

What is a conjugate acid?

A

The conjugate acid of a base is the molecule that is formed when that base has accepted a hydrogen ion.

55
Q

What is a conjugate base?

A

The conjugate base of an acid is the molecule that formed when that acid has given away a hydrogen ion.

56
Q

What is acidity constant?

A

Def needed

Introduction to Biology (5 decks)

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