Inorganic Chemistry Flashcards
explain the trend in reactivity in group 1 in terms of electronic
configurations
reactivity increases down group 1
number of shells increases
outer electron is further from & less strongly attracted to protons in the nucleus
so it is more easily lost
explain the trend in reactivity in group 7 in terms of electronic
configurations
reactivity decreases down group 7
number of shells increases
outer electrons are further from & less strongly attracted to protons in the nucleus
so it is more difficult to gain electrons
where do most metals come from?
most metals are extracted from their ores found in earth’s crust
what is a metal ore?
a rock from which a metal can be extracted from a compound for profit
where is carbon on the reactivity series
aluminium
carbon
zinc
how is the method of extracting a metal related to its position in the reactivity series?
metals less reactive than carbon can be heated with carbon
carbon displaces the less reactive metal
metals more reactive than carbon are extracted by electrolysis
silver & gold are found as the uncombined element on earth
describe the process of extracting iron from its ore
iron ore contains iron(III) oxide
1. carbon is burned in air to form CO2 & heat
2. carbon is reacted with CO2 to produce CO in the furnace
3. iron oxide is reduced to iron by CO
4. in the hottest part of the furnace, iron is reduced by carbon
5. limestone removes sandy impurities
it is a continuous process
why is carbon used to extract metals from their ores?
it is cheap & plentiful/abundant
what are the uses of aluminium?
drinks cans & kitchen equipment - does not react with water
bike frames & aeroplanes - low density & malleable
what are the uses of copper?
electrical wires & components - low resistance/conducts electricity & ductile
heating systems - conducts heat
kitchen pans - resistant to corrosion
what are the uses of iron?
gates - malleable
to make alloys e.g. steel
corrodes easily
what are the uses of different types of steel?
low-carbon steel:
car bodies - malleable, ductile & tough
high-carbon steel:
tools, bridges - inflexible, hard & strong
stainless steel:
cutlery & medical equipment - resistant to corrosion, hard
describe the method of an acid-alkali titration
- rinse glassware with substances that you will put in them
- fill a burette with hydrochloric acid so the level is near 0cm3
- use pipette to measure 25cm3 of sodium hydroxide
- drain it into the conical flask & put it on a tile
- add a few drops of phenolphthalein
- add acid to alkali until the indicator changes colour to indicate a neutral solution
- subtract the initial reading of acid in the burette from the original to find the amount added
- repeat 3 times until results are concordant, adding acid dropwise towards the end point
describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt,
starting from an acid & alkali
titration method:
1. rinse glassware with substances that you will put in them
2. fill a burette with hydrochloric acid so the level is near 0cm3
3. use pipette to measure 25cm3 of sodium hydroxide
4. drain it into the conical flask & it on a tile
5. add a few drops of phenolphthalein
6. add acid to alkali until the indicator changes colour to indicate a neutral solution
7. subtract the initial reading of acid in the burette from the original to find the amount added
8. repeat 3 times until results are concordant, adding acid dropwise towards the end point
repeat the titration using the exact volumes of acid & alkali, using no indicator
heat solution with bunsen flame to evaporate most water
leave saturated solution to cool & crystallise
filter crystals
dry between filter paper
describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of an insoluble salt e.g. lead sulfate, starting from 2 soluble reagents
- add 2 solutions together (e.g. lead nitrate & potassium sulphate) & the salt (lead sulphate) will form as a precipitate
- filter the mixture
- wash residue with distilled water so soluble impurities are washed away
- dry the insoluble salt by drying between filter paper
