Inorganic and foundations definitions Flashcards
Define acid
A speices that releases H+ ions in aqueous solution
Define acid dissociation constant Ka
The equilibrium constant that shows the extent of dissociation of a weak acid.
For weak acid HA Ka=[H+ (aq)] [A-(aq)] / [HA(aq)]
Define acid-base pair
A pair of two species that transform into each other by gain or loss of a proton
Define activation energy
The minimum energy required to start a reaction by the breaking of bonds
Actual yield
The amount of product obtained from a reaction
Addition reaction
A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make one saturated molecule
Define adsorption
The process that occurs when a gas or liquid or solute is held to the surface of a solid
Define alkali
A type of base that dissolves in water forming hydroxide ions
Define amount of substance
The quantity whose unit of the mole, used as a means of counting any species such as atoms, ions and molecules
Define anhydrous
Containing no water molecules
Define anion
A negatively charged ion with more electrons than protons
Define atom economy
Atom economy= (Sum of molar masses of desired products)/ (Sum of molar masses of all products) *100
Define atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Define atomic orbital
A region around the nucleus that can hold up to two electrons with opposite spins
Define average bond enthalpy
The average enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol of a given type of bond in the molecules of a gaseous species
Define Avogadro constant
The number of atoms per mole of the carbon-12 isotope (6.023*10^23 mol-1)
Define base
A proton acceptor. A compound that neutralises an acid to form a salt
Define binary compound
A compound containing two elements only
Define bonded pair
A pair of electrons shared between two atoms to make a covalent bond
Define buffer solution
A system that minimises pH changes on addition of small amounts of an acid or base
Define catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process; a catalyst provides an alternative route for the reaction with lower activation energy
Define cation
A positively charged ion with fewer electrons than protons
Define closed system
A system isolated from its surroundings
Define collision theory
Two reacting particles must collide for a reaction to occur, and must be in the correct orientation and have sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy of the reaction