Innovation and diffusion

Question 1

Which three types of innovation have we talked about?

Answer 1

Technical
Institutional
Cultural

Question 2

Define technical innovation

Answer 2

An innovation or improvement driven by a change in technology.

Increasing the capacity of a hard drive or the performance of a car. Also introducing something entirely new such as the iPhone

Question 3

Define institutional innovation

Answer 3

An innovation that changes how a product or service is being delivered or how the exchange process takes place
Moving from assisted retail to self-service retail

Question 4

Define cultural innovation

Answer 4

Cultural innovation changes the meaning of the product; enables consumers to make a different statement
Nike when they made running cool by associating running shoes with the skateboard culture
Apple when redefining the computer as something personal and for the creative or the telephone as an information processing device

Question 5

Name the seven steps of product development

Answer 5

Idea generation
Screening
Concept testing
Business analysis
Product development
Market testing
Commercialization
New products

Question 6

Name the four groups of people in innovation diffusion

Answer 6

Innovators
Early adopters
Early majority
Late majority
Laggards

Question 7

What is technological determinism?

Answer 7

Technology develops ‘automatically’

It determines society

Question 8

Name Bijker’s four theoretical concepts

Answer 8

Relevant social groups
Interpretative flexibility
Closure
Stabilization