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Immuno path guide > innate_immune_system_flashcards > Flashcards

innate_immune_system_flashcards

1
Q

Front

A

Back

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2
Q

What are the three main components of the innate immune system?

A

Physical barriers, cells, and soluble mediators.

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3
Q

What is the function of tightly packed keratinised cells in the skin?

A

They physically limit colonisation by microorganisms.

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4
Q

What are the physiological factors of skin that contribute to innate immunity?

A

Low pH and low oxygen tension.

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5
Q

What do sebaceous glands in the skin produce and what is their function?

A

They produce hydrophobic oils that repel water and microorganisms.

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6
Q

What is the role of lysozyme in sebaceous glands?

A

Lysozyme destroys the structural integrity of bacterial cell walls.

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7
Q

What additional properties do sebaceous glands have?

A

Ammonia and defensins have anti-bacterial properties.

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8
Q

What is the function of secreted mucous on mucosal surfaces?

A

It acts as a physical barrier to trap invading pathogens.

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9
Q

What role does secretory IgA play on mucosal surfaces?

A

It prevents bacteria and viruses from attaching to or penetrating epithelial cells.

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10
Q

How does lysozyme function on mucosal surfaces?

A

It directly kills invading pathogens.

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11
Q

What is the role of lactoferrin on mucosal surfaces?

A

It acts to starve invading bacteria of iron.

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12
Q

How do cilia function in the innate immune system?

A

They directly trap pathogens and contribute to the removal of mucous.

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13
Q

What physical maneuvers assist cilia in removing pathogens?

A

Sneezing and coughing.

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14
Q

What are the most abundant cells of the innate immune system and their function?

A

Neutrophils; they are predominantly involved in phagocytosis and killing of microbes.

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15
Q

What is the role of basophils and mast cells?

A

They release inflammatory mediators such as histamine.

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16
Q

What is the importance of eosinophils?

A

They are important in defense against parasites.

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17
Q

Where are monocytes produced and what happens to them?

A

Produced in bone marrow, circulate in blood, and migrate to tissues where they differentiate to macrophages.

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18
Q

What are the primary functions of macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis and antigen presentation to T-cells.

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19
Q

What are macrophages called in the liver?

A

Kupffer cells.

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20
Q

What are macrophages called in the kidney?

A

Mesangial cells.

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21
Q

What are macrophages called in the spleen?

A

Sinusoidal-lining cells.

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22
Q

What are macrophages called in the bone?

A

Osteoclasts.

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23
Q

What are macrophages called in the lungs?

A

Alveolar macrophages.

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24
Q

What are macrophages called in the CNS?

A

Microglia.

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25
Q

What are macrophages called in connective tissue?

A

Histiocytes.

26
Q

What are macrophages called in the skin?

A

Langerhans cells.

27
Q

Where do dendritic cells reside and what is their function?

A

They reside in peripheral tissues and are important antigen presenting cells.

28
Q

What do dendritic cells do after phagocytosis of microbes?

A

They migrate to lymph nodes and present antigens to T-cells.

29
Q

Which T-cells can dendritic cells activate?

A

Both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells.

30
Q

What do Fc receptors on dendritic cells detect?

A

Immune complexes.

31
Q

What is the role of cytokines expressed by dendritic cells?

A

They regulate the immune response.

32
Q

Where are NK cells present and what is their function?

A

They are present within blood and may migrate to inflamed tissue.

33
Q

What do inhibitory receptors on NK cells detect?

A

Self-HLA molecules to prevent inappropriate activation by normal self.

34
Q

What do activating receptors on NK cells detect?

A

Natural cytotoxicity receptors that recognize heparan sulfate proteoglycans.

35
Q

What is the cytotoxic function of NK cells?

A

They kill ‘altered self’ such as malignant or virus-infected cells which lack inhibitory signals or have activating signals.

36
Q

What are the main pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

TNF-α and IL-1.

37
Q

What is the function of chemokines?

A

They act as chemo-attractants to recruit leukocytes towards the site of inflammation.

38
Q

What is the role of IFN-γ?

A

It is released in response to intracellular pathogens (viruses) and is important in macrophage activation.

39
Q

What is the role of IFN-α?

A

It is important in defense against viruses.

40
Q

What does the complement system consist of?

A

Numerous, tightly regulated soluble factors that circulate in the bloodstream in their inactive form.

41
Q

What happens once the complement system is activated?

A

It has numerous roles such as opsonisation, vasodilation, increasing permeability of blood vessels, chemo-attraction, activation of leukocytes, and direct cytotoxicity via formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC).

42
Q

How can the complement cascade be activated?

A

Via three pathways: Classical pathway, Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) pathway, and Alternative pathway.

43
Q

What triggers the classical pathway of the complement cascade?

A

When an antibody binds to its specific antigen, activating C1 which leads to activation of C2 and C4, then C3 convertase.

44
Q

What triggers the mannose-binding lectin (MBL) pathway?

A

MBL binds to carbohydrates on the surface of bacteria, leading to activation of C2 and C4, then C3 convertase.

45
Q

What triggers the alternative pathway of the complement cascade?

A

C3 directly binds to bacterial cell wall components such as LPS, leading to autoactivation of C3 convertase.

46
Q

What is the major amplification step in the complement cascade?

A

Activation of C3.

47
Q

What forms the membrane attack complex (MAC)?

A

The final common pathway involving C5-C9.

48
Q

What is the function of the membrane attack complex (MAC)?

A

It punches holes in the bacteria, effectively killing them.

49
Q

What triggers phagocyte recruitment?

A

Cellular damage and bacterial products trigger the local production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.

50
Q

How do cytokines and chemokines aid in phagocyte recruitment?

A

Cytokines activate vascular endothelium enhancing its permeability, while chemokines attract phagocytes.

51
Q

How do pattern recognition receptors function in recognizing microorganisms?

A

They recognize generic motifs known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as bacterial sugars, DNA, and RNA.

52
Q

What is the role of Fc receptors in microorganism recognition?

A

They allow recognition of immune complexes.

53
Q

How does endocytosis occur in the innate immune system?

A

It is facilitated by opsonisation, where opsonins act as a bridge between the pathogen and the phagocyte receptors.

54
Q

Give examples of opsonins.

A

Antibodies binding to Fc receptors, complement components binding to complement receptors (CR1), and acute phase proteins such as c-reactive protein (CRP).

55
Q

What is a phagolysosome and its function?

A

A compartment formed when a phagosome fuses with a lysosome, where killing of the organism occurs.

56
Q

What are the oxidative killing mechanisms used by phagocytes?

A

NADPH oxidase complex converts oxygen to reactive oxygen species (e.g., superoxide and hydrogen peroxide), and myeloperoxidase catalyses production of hydrochlorous acid from hydrogen peroxide and chloride.

57
Q

What is the role of hydrochlorous acid in oxidative killing?

A

It is a highly effective oxidant and antimicrobial agent.

58
Q

What are the non-oxidative killing mechanisms used by phagocytes?

A

Release of bactericidal enzymes such as lysozyme and lactoferrin into the phagolysosome.

59
Q

What is the outcome of non-oxidative killing mechanisms?

A

Broad coverage against bacteria and fungi.

60
Q

What happens to neutrophils after phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis depletes neutrophil glycogen reserves, followed by cell death.

61
Q

What is the result of neutrophil death in infected tissue?

A

Residual enzymes are released causing liquefaction of closely adjacent tissue, leading to the accumulation of dead/dying neutrophils and formation of pus.

62
Q

What happens in cases of extensive localized formation of pus?

A

Abscess formation occurs.

Immuno path guide (5 decks)

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