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Immuno path guide > adaptive_immune_system_flashcards > Flashcards

adaptive_immune_system_flashcards

1
Q

Front

A

Back

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2
Q

What are the components of the adaptive immune system?

A

Humoral immunity (B lymphocytes and antibody), Cellular immunity (T lymphocytes - CD4 T & CD8 T cells), Soluble components (Cytokines and chemokines).

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3
Q

What is ‘humoral’ immunity?

A

B lymphocytes and antibody.

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4
Q

What is ‘cellular’ immunity?

A

T lymphocytes - CD4 T & CD8 T cells.

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5
Q

What are the soluble components of the adaptive immune system?

A

Cytokines and chemokines.

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6
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs involved in lymphocyte development?

A

Bone marrow and thymus.

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7
Q

What cells are derived from haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow?

A

Both T and B lymphocytes.

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8
Q

What is the site of B cell maturation?

A

Bone marrow.

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9
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus.

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10
Q

When is the thymus most active?

A

In the foetal and neonatal period.

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11
Q

What happens to the thymus after puberty?

A

It involutes.

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12
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen, Lymph nodes, Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue.

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13
Q

What is the role of secondary lymphoid organs?

A

They are anatomical sites of interaction between naïve lymphocytes and microorganisms.

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14
Q

Where do T cells arise from and where do they mature?

A

They arise from haematopoietic stem cells and mature in the thymus.

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15
Q

What do all T cells express?

A

CD3+ and either CD4+ or CD8+.

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16
Q

What do CD8+ T cells recognize?

A

Peptides presented by HLA class I molecules.

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17
Q

What do CD4+ T cells recognize?

A

Peptides presented by HLA class II molecules.

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18
Q

What do CD4+ T cells (Helper lymphocytes) recognize?

A

Peptides derived from extracellular proteins presented on HLA Class II molecules (HLA-DR, HLA-DP, and HLA-DQ).

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19
Q

What are the immunoregulatory functions of CD4+ T cells?

A

Cell-cell interactions and expression of cytokines.

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20
Q

What are the different effector subtypes of CD4+ T cells and their functions?

A

Th1 (help CD8 and macrophages), Th2 (humoral response), Th17 (help neutrophil recruitment).

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21
Q

What cytokines do Th1 cells produce?

A

IL-2, IFN-ϒ, TNF.

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22
Q

What cytokines do Th2 cells produce?

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-6.

23
Q

What cytokines do Th17 cells produce?

A

Il-17, IL-21, IL-22.

24
Q

What do CD8+ T cells (Specialised cytotoxic cells) recognize?

A

Peptides derived from intracellular proteins in association with HLA class I (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C).

25
Q

How do CD8+ T cells kill cells directly?

A

Perforin (pore forming) and granzymes & Expression of Fas ligand.

26
Q

What cytokines do CD8+ T cells secrete?

A

IFNg, TNFa.

27
Q

What is T cell memory?

A

Response to successive exposures to antigen is qualitatively and quantitatively different from that of first exposure.

28
Q

How is the response of memory T cells different from naïve cells?

A

They are more easily activated than naïve cells.

29
Q

How do B cells mature?

A

Stem cells in bone marrow become lymphoid progenitors  pro B cells  pre B cells  IgM expressing B cells.

30
Q

What happens to IgM expressing B cells upon antigen engagement?

A

They develop into plasma cells that secrete IgM or undergo germinal centre reaction to develop into plasma cells expressing IgG, IgE, and IgA.

31
Q

What is central tolerance of B cells?

A

No recognition of self-antigens  survive; Recognition of self-antigens in bone marrow  negative selection to avoid autoreactivity.

32
Q

How are B lymphocytes activated?

A

B cell receptor (surface expressed Ig) binds to antigen, some B cells mature to plasma cells secreting IgM.

33
Q

What occurs during the germinal centre reaction?

A

Rapid B cell proliferation, isotype switching, and somatic hypermutation.

34
Q

What do dendritic cells do in the activation of B cells?

A

Prime the CD4+ T cells.

35
Q

How do CD4+ T cells help B cell differentiation?

A

Requires CD40L:CD40 interaction.

36
Q

What complex genetic rearrangements do B cells undergo?

A

Isotype switching to IgG, IgA, or IgE; Somatic hypermutation to generate high affinity receptors.

37
Q

What is isotype switching?

A

The process where a B cell changes the class of antibody it produces without altering the specificity for antigen.

38
Q

What is somatic hypermutation?

A

A process that introduces mutations into the variable region of the antibody genes, enhancing antigen binding.

39
Q

What further differentiation can B cells undergo?

A

Plasma cells producing IgG, IgA, or IgE antibody; long-lived memory cells.

40
Q

What are immunoglobulins made of?

A

Two heavy chains and two light chains.

41
Q

What determines the antibody class?

A

The heavy chain.

42
Q

What are the subclasses of antibodies?

A

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD; subclasses of IgG and IgA.

43
Q

How is antigen recognized by antibodies?

A

By antigen binding regions (Fab) of both heavy & light chains.

44
Q

What determines the effector function of antibodies?

A

The constant region of the heavy chain (Fc).

45
Q

What are the functions of antibodies?

A

Identification of pathogens and toxins (Fab mediated); Interact with other components of immune response to remove pathogens (Fc mediated).

46
Q

How do antibodies interact with other components of the immune response?

A

Complement, Phagocytes, Natural killer cells.

47
Q

Why are antibodies particularly important?

A

In defense against bacteria of all kinds.

48
Q

What is B cell memory?

A

Response to successive antigen exposure is qualitatively and quantitatively different from that of first exposure.

49
Q

How is the response to successive antigen exposure different from the first exposure?

A

Lag time is decreased to 2-3 days, the titre of antibodies is greatly increased, response is dominated by IgG antibodies of high affinity, may be independent of CD4+ T lymphocytes.

50
Q

What is the lag time between antigen exposure and antibody production in a memory response?

A

2-3 days.

51
Q

How is the titre of antibodies different in a memory response?

A

Greatly increased.

52
Q

What dominates the response in a memory B cell reaction?

A

IgG antibodies of high affinity.

53
Q

Is the response of memory B cells dependent on CD4+ T lymphocytes?

A

It may be independent of help from CD4+ T lymphocytes.

Immuno path guide (5 decks)

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