Innate Immunology

Question 1

1-6

Question 2

Innate immune cells in humans perform a similar function to

Answer 2

drosophila (& express homologous TLRs

Question 3

Cytoplasm chocked full of

Answer 3

granules

Question 4

what are granules?

Answer 4

vesicles containing various innate immune cell function proteins

Question 5

7

Question 6

Neutrophils are the most

Answer 6

abundant (50% to 70% of all
leukocytes)

Question 7

what is the neutrophil life span?

Answer 7

7 to 10 hours in peripjhery - rapid turnover

Question 8

neurtopjhil function?

Answer 8

Indiscriminately kill invading microbes (recognised as non-self) by a
process known as phagocytosis (ingest and kill)

Question 9

Neutrophil passage through the blood is

Answer 9

slow

Question 10

Neutrophil passage through the blood is slow due to

Answer 10

transient integrations with neutrophil cell surface receptors and blood vessel ligands – they roll through the vasculature

Question 11

vascular damage cause

Answer 11

proinflammatory cytokine release by tissue
macrophages (TNFα, IL-1) causing neutrophil attraction

Question 12

Once neutrophils have transmigrated
to the site of bacterial infection
(dermal region) they are

Answer 12

activated in numerous ways

Question 13

A key mechanism for neutrophil
activation in the context involves

Answer 13

toll
like receptor-4 (TLR4)

Question 14

TLR’s are

Answer 14

Pathogen Associated
Molecular Pattern (PAMP) receptors:
function as dimers

Question 15

TLR4 recognises

Answer 15

bacteria endotoxin
lipopolysaccharide (gram -ve bacteria)

Question 16

Engagement of TLR4 with LPS Initiates

Answer 16

a conformational change that is transmitted through the membrane to the cytoplasmic TIR domain

Question 17

Downstream signalling involves

Answer 17

the activation of IL1-Receptor Associated Kinase (IRAK) and subsequent MAPkinase activation: TAK1 -> MKK4 -> JNK

Question 18

13

Question 19

toll like receptors function as

Answer 19

dimers

Question 20

each monomer has

Answer 20

1) a leucine rich repeat extracellular
domain (and forms the characteristic
‘horseshoe’ shape)
2) an α-helical transmembrane domain
3) a cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1R (TIR)
signalling domain

Question 21

there are

Answer 21

12 human TLRs which are expressed on a wide variety of innate
immune cells

Question 22

The TLRs have the same

Answer 22

general topology

Question 23

TLRs have

Answer 23

Leucine rich repeats in the extracellular domian

Question 24

Conserved intracellular

Answer 24

TIR domain

Question 25

TLRs can form

Answer 25

heterodimers (TLR2/TLR6) – diversifies PAMP recognition

Question 26

There are numerous classes of

Answer 26

pattern recognition receptor, including cell surface receptors (TLRs and C-type lectin receptors [CLRs]) as well as cytoplasmic receptors (NOD-like and RLRs).

Question 27

23

Question 28

C-type lectin receptors broadly categorised into two membrane tpyes:

Answer 28

type I type II

Question 29

what are type 1 C-type lectin receptors?

Answer 29

Type-I have multiple CRDs e.g. DEC-205 and the macrophage mannose receptor (MMR)

Question 30

what are type 2 C-type lectin receptors?

Answer 30

Type-II have a single CRD e.g. Dectin-1, Dectin-2 and DC-SIGN

Question 31

C-type lectin receptors are important for

Answer 31

fungal recognition and innate immune response modulation

Question 32

Immunoglobulins (antibodies) have an

Answer 32

opsonising function (opsonising = prepare to eat)

Question 33

Fcγ receptors bind

Answer 33

IgG

Question 34

Fc receptors can be

Answer 34

activating or inhibiting

Question 35

Tissue mast cells express

Answer 35

Fcε receptors and bind IgE– basis for hypersensitivity responses

Question 36

A key function of many innate immune cells once activated is

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phagocytosis– initiated through membrane receptor stimulation

Question 37

The Fc region of IgG interacts with

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FcγR on innate immune cell

Question 38

clathrin is central to

Answer 38

endosome vesicle formation

Question 39

what is the phagocytosis process? (31)

Question 40

33

Question 41

Following phagocytosis, pathogen molecules (peptides) are ...

Answer 41

... coupled to MHC-II molecules and presented at the cell surface

Question 42

Monocytes are an important cell for

Answer 42

antigen presentation (differentiate into dendritic cels)

Question 43

DC’s present antigen on

Answer 43

MHC and activate T cells