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Clinical Immunology > Haematopoiesis (and Immune System Overview) > Flashcards

Haematopoiesis (and Immune System Overview) Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology?

A

a branch of biochemical / biomedical science that is concerned with
the molecular, cellular and biochemical processes involved with how
the body defends itself against disease

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2
Q

What do immunological processes protect?

A

Immunological processes protect / defend our bodies against infectious
disease as well as non-communicable diseases such as cancer

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3
Q

What do immune cells recognise?

A

recognise ‘self’ from ‘non-self’ or ‘altered-self’.

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4
Q

Receptors on the surface of immune cell membranes recognise what?

A

protein markers of ‘self’

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5
Q

Self-reactive immune cells are weeded out
through …

A

… positive selection during lymphocyte
maturation

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6
Q

Pathogen associated molecular patterns
(PAMPs) are …

A

… ‘non-self’ molecules

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7
Q

What are PAMPS?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

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8
Q

what recognises PAMPs?

A

Immune cell receptors
such as, toll-like receptor
(TLR), recognise PAMPs

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9
Q

Whats MHC?

A

Major Histocapability Complex (MHC)

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10
Q

What do PAMPs include ?

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid, flagellin,
peptidoglycan (bacteria) and dsRNA (viruses)

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11
Q

Innate immunity can be…

A

… cellular or not

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12
Q

What components of the innate immune system are NOT cellular?

A

Physical barrier
Skin
Mucosa
Sebaceous glands
Goblet cells

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13
Q

What is the purpose of physical barriers?

A

purpose to keep foreign invaders out

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14
Q

14

A
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15
Q

What is the function of lysosymes?

A

hydrolyses NAG-NAM
glyosidic bonds (gram +ve bacteria)

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16
Q

whats Human B1-defensin?

A

a poly-peptide with positively charged and
hydrophobic regions, that creates pores in the membrane

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17
Q

What is Human B1-defensin secreted by?

A

epithelial cells

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18
Q

What are complement proteins?

A

plasma pro-proteins that are activated in a
cascade creating the membrane attack complex

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19
Q

What are the innate immune cells?

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Monocyte

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20
Q

Innate immune cells are activated against what?

A

Innate immune cells are activated against
‘non-self’ antigen
non-specifically via
PAMP recognition

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21
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

cytosolic granules, multi-lobed or bi-lobed nuclei

contain granules which kill cells in response to receptor activation.

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22
Q

18

A
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23
Q

What percentage of all leukocytes are neutrophils?

A

50 to 70%

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24
Q

What are neutrophils important for?

A

important for bacterial and fungal infections, last only hours to a few days in circulation

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25
Q

what does adaptive immunity involve?

A

Involves humoral and cell mediated responses that involve the T and B lymphocytes

26
Q

Adaptive immune responses are…

A

… specific

27
Q

Adaptive immune responses are ‘specific’.

What does this mean?

A

each lymphocytes
activation receptor will recognise a specific antigen lymphocyte is different.

28
Q

What do humoral responses involve?

A

involve the production and secretion of immuno
globulin proteins (antibodies) – B lymphocytes

29
Q

What do cell mediated responses invovle?

A

involve cytotoxicity – T lymphocytes (lots of
different types)

30
Q

What percentage of leukpcytes are lymphocytes?

A

30% of leukocytes

31
Q

What can lymphocytes form?

A

can form memory cells which can last for years (basis of vaccination)

32
Q

Define antigen

A

“substance that is capable of inducing an immune response”

33
Q

Antigens can be…

A

‘non-self’, ‘altered-self’ or ‘self’

34
Q

What antigens are ‘non-self’?

A

Foreign invaders microorganisms
- Endotoxins (bacteria) - Exotoxins (bacteria)

35
Q

what antigens are altered self?

A
  • Viral infected cells
  • Malignant cells
36
Q

What antigens are autoimmune ?

A

to attack self.

37
Q

Define epitope

A

Immunogenic region of an
antigen – important for
adaptive immunity

38
Q

WHats haematopoiesis?

A

blood cell development

39
Q

All blood cells (leukocytes and erythrocytes)

A
40
Q

23

A
41
Q

Haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are…

A

‘multi-potent’

42
Q

Haematopoietic stem cells (HSC)
are ‘multi-potent’ and able to
differentiate into: ?

A
  • Leukocytes
  • Erythrocytes
  • Platelets
43
Q

The process of haematopoiesis is under…

A

under strict regulation &
ensures that blood cell
development occurs in
accordance with specific needs

44
Q

The initial step in haematopoiesis
is …

A

… to whether follow a ‘myeloid’ or an ‘lymphoid’ differentiation path – committed

45
Q

Specific cytokines & chemokines dictate…

A

… the direction that haematopoietic stem cells differentiate

46
Q

What drives HSC differentiation to a common lymphoid progenitor?

A

FLT-3 ligand, tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α),
transforming growth factor (TGF-β) in
combination with (interleukin
) IL-2, IL-7, IL-12
and stromal cell derived factor (SDF-1)

47
Q

what drives HSC differentiation to a common lyeloid progenitor?

A
  • GM-CSF = granulocyte
    macrophage colony stimulating factor
  • G-CSF = granulocyte colony stimulating factor
  • EPO = erythropoietin
  • TPO = thrombopoietin
  • SCF = stem cell factor
48
Q

How are blood cells distinguished?

A

Blood cells are distinguished by light microscopy following
haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining.

49
Q

What colour do eosinophils stain?

A

stain red since cytoplasmic vesicles contain basic proteins that bind ‘eosin’ an acid dye

50
Q

What colour do basophils stain?

A

stain blue as they bind the basic dye ‘haematoxylin’

51
Q

What defines a set of diseases known as leukaemia?

A

Blockade in haematopoiesis

52
Q

leukaemia can occur at various stages during…

A

… myeloid or lymphoid development

(myeloid leukaemia / lymphoid leukaemia).

53
Q

Genetic mutations prevent…

A

… normal differentiation, leading to over proliferation of ‘non-functional’ blast cells (cancer)

54
Q

What happens in the bone marrow due to genetic mutations?

A

Bone marrow over-crowded, reduced normal functioning blood cells
(symptoms), bone marrow failure and death

55
Q

What are the primary sites (organs) of the immune system?

A

Thymus (T cells)
Bone marrow (granulocytes B cells)

56
Q

what are primary lymphoid organs?

A

Sites in the body where granulocytes / lymphocytes are synthesised
(and matured) in an antigen independent setting

57
Q

What occurs at the primary lymphoid organs?

A
  • lymphocyte generation and education
  • central selection
  • diversification
58
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Sites where immuno-competent T and B lymphocytes are exposed to antigen (activated) through antigen presentation processes

59
Q

What are the secondarey lymphoid organs?

A

1) Lymph nodes (antigen from extracellular tissue fluid)
2) Spleen (antigen from blood)
3) Mucosal Associated
- Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Peyer’s patches (gut),
appendix, tonsils and adenoids

60
Q
A

Clinical Immunology (1 decks)

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