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Infection and immunity > Innate immunity > Flashcards

Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Give a brief summary of innate immunity

A

Acts immediately on encounter, consisting of mechanical, chemical and microbiological barriers without longterm memry. Receptors are not unique to a specific cell but are on all of the type

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2
Q

What are antimicrobial proteins/defensins?

A

Proteins which bind to outer membrane of bacteria resulting in increased membrane permeability

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3
Q

What are the 3 phases of a successful immune response?

A

Recognition, disposal, communication

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4
Q

WHat are PAMPS and DAMPS

A

Pathogen associated molecular protiens and damage associated molecular proteins

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5
Q

What 2 receptors are very common?

A

Toll like receptors and C-type lectins

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6
Q

What system can be activated as a part of the innate immune system?

A

The Complement system

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of complement system activation?

A 
Classical pathway (antigen antibody complexes, pathogen surfaces)
Mannose-binding lectin pathway (binds mannose on pathogen surfaces) and alternate pathway (bacterial cell wall)
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8
Q

What is initially formed as the complement system is initiated?

A

C3 convertase

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9
Q

What does the C3a/C4a/C5a then do?

A

Mediates inflammation

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10
Q

What does C3b do?

A

Opsonisation, binds to complement receptors on phagocytes, marks pathogens to phagocytes

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11
Q

What does C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9 together form?

A

Membrane attack complex, lysis of certain pathogens

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12
Q

What do collectins do and name an example

A

Bind sugars. Mannise binding lectin is an example

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13
Q

What are acute phase proteins?

A

Proteins released early in response to trauma. Released by liver. Includes CRP

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14
Q

What promotes killinf of internalised microbes of monocytes/macrophages?

A

Interferon-y from NK cell or Th1 cell

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15
Q

How are internalised microbes killed?

A

Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), or nitric oxide

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16
Q

What are natural killer cells

A

Cells that recognise via altered self antigens, killing is regulated by perforins and granzymes secreted from lytic vesicles

17
Q

What do eosinophils target?

A

Parasitic worms

18
Q

What do dead/dying neutrophils help make up?

A

Pus

19
Q

Are T and B cells really involved with the innate immune system?

A

No, theyre mostly active immune system. Dont get confused!

20
Q

How can some vaccines boost the innate immune system?

A

They can have adjuvants, which activate immune system to ensure the antigen of the vaccine is seen. Antigen presents to T-cells, which help specific B cells to make antibodies.

21
Q

What do Natural killer cells do?

A

Kill abnormal cells with “altered self” antigens via perforins and granzymes from lytic vesicles. some produce IFNy.

22
Q

What chemicals are secreted by phagocytes in tesponse to infection?

A

Interleukins

23
Q

What does interleukin 1 do

A

Activates vascular endothelium and lymphocytes, increases adhesiveness of leukocytes

24
Q

What does IL6 do

A

Contributes to acute phase response, introduces B-cell terminal maturation into plasma cells for Ig.

25
Q

What does IL8 do

A

Introduces expression of integrin adhesion molecules on neutrophils, leading to neutrophil migration to infection site

26
Q

WHat does IL12 do

A

Activates NK cells and induces CD4-Th1 cell differentiation

27
Q

What does IL18 do

A

Helps as a chemokine in leukocyte recruitment

28
Q

WHat does TNF alpha do

A

Activates vascular endotheiium and increases vascular permeability leading to accumulation of Ig and complement in infected tissue

29
Q

What are some antiinflammatory therapeutics?

A

NSAIDs, Glucocorticoids, anti-TNF agents, anti-IL1 agents

30
Q

What is septicemia?

A

Presence of bacteria in blood

31
Q

WHat is sepsis?

A

Failure of one or more organs caused by over-reaction to infection

32
Q

What is septic shock

A

Most severe situation with vascular collapse, mortality to 50%

Infection and immunity (5 decks)

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