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IIH > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

List 3 physical barriers of innate immunity.

A

1 - Skin.

2 - Lungs.

3 - Gut mucosa.

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2
Q

List 3 factors that affect the commensal bacteria of the body.

A

1 - Illness.

2 - Diet.

3 - Age.

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3
Q

What is the immune function of paneth cells?

A

To secrete antimicrobial peptides such as defensins.

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4
Q

Where are paneth cells found?

A

Deep to the layer of mucosal cells.

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5
Q

List 4 properties of the innate immune response.

A

1 - Ready to rapidly activate at any time.

2 - No memory.

3 - Low specificity.

4 - Generic response.

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6
Q

Define erythema.

A

Redness of the skin or mucous membranes, caused by hyperemia (increased blood flow) in superficial capillaries.

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7
Q

List 3 possible causes of erythema.

A

1 - Injury.

2 - Infection.

3 - Inflammation.

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8
Q

List 4 acute phase responses of the innate immune response.

For each, give an example of a consequence of the response.

A

1 - Vasodilation (erythema).

2 - Increased vascular permeability (oedema).

3 - Cytokine release (heat and inflammation).

4 - Nerve stimulation (pain).

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9
Q

List the 3 types of cells that form the innate immune system.

A

1 - Professional antigen presenting cells (APCs).

2 - Phagocytes.

3 - Granulocytes.

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10
Q

List 2 professional antigen presenting cells (APCs).

A

Monocytes:

1 - Macrophages.

2 - Dendritic cells.

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11
Q

List 2 phagocytes.

A

1 - Macrophages.

2 - Neutrophils.

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12
Q

List 4 granulocytes.

A

1 - Neutrophils.

2 - Eosinophils.

3 - Basophils.

4 - Mast cells.

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13
Q

What is the origin of macrophages?

A

Macrophages originate from monocytes which leave the circulation to differentiate in tissues.

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14
Q

List 4 examples of macrophages.

For each, describe their function.

A

1 - Alveolar macrophages phagocytose pathogens of the lungs.

2 - Kupffer cells in the liver assist in liver remodelling and defend against bloodborne pathogens.

3 - Microglial cells in the CNS eliminate old and dead neurones.

4 - Splenic macrophages in the red pulp of the spleen eliminate old red cells and bloodborne pathogens.

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15
Q

What is the primary function of dendritic cells?

How do they carry out their function?

A
  • They are specialised to present antigens.
  • They convert captured antigenic proteins into peptides.
  • They then transport these peptides to their cell surface and present them on major histocompatibility complex (MHC molecules).
  • This stimulates T cells to activate the adaptive immune response.
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16
Q

List 3 components of the granules of granulocytes.

A

1 - Inflammatory proteins.

2 - Toxic enzymes.

3 - Oxygen radicals.

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17
Q

List the granulocytes that are important for the acute and allergic phase response of the innate immune response.

A

1 - Mast cells.

2 - Basophils.

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18
Q

What is the primary function of eosinophils?

A

To kill parasites.

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19
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

Where are they found?

A
  • They are receptors that bind to and recognise pattern-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are present on microbes.
  • They are found on and in every innate immune cell.
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20
Q

List the four families of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).

For each, state whether they are intracellular or extracellular.

A

1 - Toll-like receptors (TLRs, extracellular but may also be present on endosomes).

2 - C-type lectin receptors (CLRs, extracellular).

3 - NOD-like receptors (NLRs, intracellular).

4 - RIG-1 like receptors (RLR, intracellular).

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21
Q

List 6 bacterial molecules (PAMPs) that might bind to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).

A

1 - Lipoteichoic acid (LTA).

2 - Peptidoglycan (PGN).

3 - Lipoproteins.

4 - DNA.

5 - Flagellin.

6 - Lipopolyssacharide (LPS).

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22
Q

Give an example of a parasitic molecule (PAMP) that might bind to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).

A

GPI anchors.

23
Q

Give an example of a fungal molecule (PAMP) that might bind to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).

Which fungal organisms express this molecule?

Where is this molecule expressed on these organisms?

A
  • Zymosan.

- It is found on the cell wall of yeast.

24
Q

What does pattern recognition receptor binding cause?

A

An intracellular cascade that stimulates the production of cytokines.

25
Q

What is IRAK4 involved in?

What are the symptoms of an IRAK4 deficiency?

A
  • IRAK4 is involved in the toll-like receptor pathway.
  • IRAK4 deficiency results in recurrent streptococcal and staphylococcal infection as a child.
  • People with an IRAK4 deficiency also get no fevers as there is no upregulation of inflammatory cytokines.
26
Q

Why do the symptoms of an IRAK4 deficiency improve with age?

A

Due to an improved adaptive immune response.

27
Q

List 3 proteins that are important in the innate immune response.

A

1 - Cytokines.

2 - Acute phase proteins (e.g. C reactive protein).

3 - Complement (a cascade of proteins).

28
Q

What is the function of acute phase proteins?

A

To opsonise and present pathogens to the immune system.

29
Q

List 5 functions of the complement cascade.

A

1 - Opsonisation.

2 - Killing of pathogens.

3 - Activation of immune cells.

4 - Chemoattraction.

5 - Inflammation.

30
Q

List 4 functions of cytokines.

A

1 - Pro-inflammatory functions.

2 - Anti-inflammatory functions.

3 - To influence cellular differentiation.

4 - To direct cellular migration.

31
Q

List 6 families of cytokines.

A

1 - Interferons.

2 - Chemokines.

3 - Tumour necrosis factor family.

4 - Interleukins.

5 - Haematopoietins.

6 - Transforming growth factor beta family.

32
Q

What is the function of interferons?

A

They are antiviral proteins.

33
Q

List 3 functions of chemokines.

A

1 - To direct cell migration.

2 - Adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium.

3 - Activation of immune cells.

34
Q

What is the function of the tumour necrosis family?

A

Regulation of inflammatory and immune responses.

35
Q

What is the function of haematopoietins?

A

Promote cell proliferation and differentiation.

36
Q

What is the function of the transforming growth factor beta family?

A

Regulation of immune cells.

37
Q

Define opsonisation.

A

The process by which a pathogen is coated with proteins that facilitate phagocytosis.

38
Q

List 3 ways by which opsonisation can occur.

A

1 - By the complement cascade.

2 - By C reactive protein and other acute phase proteins.

3 - By immunoglobulins (antibodies).

39
Q

Which cells produce immunoglobulins?

A

B cells.

40
Q

List 2 receptors that may be found on the surface of phagocytes that bind to opsonins.

For each, give the molecule to which they bind.

A

1 - CR1 receptor (binds to complement proteins).

2 - Fc receptor (binds to various immunoglobulins / antibodies).

41
Q

List the 3 mechanisms of complement activation.

A

1 - Classical pathway.

2 - Lectin pathway.

3 - Alternative pathway.

42
Q

What initiates the classical pathway of complement activation?

A

Antibody / antigen binding.

43
Q

What initiates the lectin pathway of complement activation?

A

Carbohydrate sugars such as mannan.

44
Q

What initiates the alternative pathway of complement activation?

A

Direct contact with microbial polysaccharides.

45
Q

What is the first step in the complement cascade for all pathways?

Where in the body are the molecules that are involved in the initial steps of the cascade found?

A
  • Cleaving inactive protein C3 to C3b and C3a.

- Inactive C3 is found circulating in the serum until the cascade is triggered.

46
Q

How do the classical pathway, lectin pathway and alternative pathway start the complement cascade?

A
  • The classical and lectin pathway use protein C4b2a to cleave protein C3.
  • The alternative pathway uses protein C3bBb to cleave protein C3.
  • Both C4b2a and C3bBb are types of C3 convertase.
47
Q

What is the function of C3a?

A

C3a is an anaphylatoxin (triggers degranulation).

48
Q

What is the function of C3b (outside of the complement cascade)?

A

C3b is an opsonin.

49
Q

What is the fate of C3b if not used as an opsonin?

A

1 - Used for C5 activation.

2 - Can be converted back to C3bBb in a process known as the C3b amplification loop.

50
Q

How does complement activation lead to inflammation?

A

C3a triggers the release of histamine from mast cells.

51
Q

How does complement activation lead to cytolysis?

A

The complement cascade forms a membrane attack complex (MAC) which punches holes in microbial membranes.

52
Q

Describe the process of C5 activation.

A

C3b and C5 convertase cleave C5, producing C5a and C5b.

53
Q

Which component of the complement cascade causes chemoattraction?

Which cell is targeted by this chemoattraction?

A
  • C5a.

- Attracts neutrophils.

54
Q

List 2 regulatory proteins of the complement cascade.

A

1 - C1 esterase.

2 - Complement control protein.

IIH (26 decks)

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