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ZZZGenetics/Immunology > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are 5 characteristics of inflammation?

A 
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
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2
Q

What kind of cells lead to inflammation?

A

Mast Cells
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Histamine

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3
Q

What are the 3 cytokines that lead to a fever?

A

TNF
IL-1
IL-6

*These are very important

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4
Q

How does the innate immune system discriminate between self and non-self? Why?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS)

Because they have no structural similarity with self Ags

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5
Q

Which Toll Like Receptor (TLR) for Lipopolysaccharides?

Is this intracellular or extracellular?

What kind of bacteria does this TLR bind?

A

TLR-4

Extracellular

Gram Negative

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6
Q

Which Toll Like Receptor (TLR) for ds VIRAL RNA?

Is this intracellular or extracellular?

A

TLR-3

Intracellular

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7
Q

Which Toll Like Receptor (TLR) for ss VIRAL RNA? What disease is this associated with?

A

TLR-7 and TLR-8

Intracellular

HIV is TLR 7**

FLU is TLR 8**

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8
Q

Which Toll Like Receptor (TLR) for Unmethylated CpG DNA- bacteria?

A

TLR-9

Intracellular

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9
Q

What do TLRs activate?

A

Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NFkB), which promotes expression of various cytokines that lead to inflammation

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10
Q

Describe the signaling pathway for TLRs and what they activate?

A

Extracellular TLRs activate MyD88, which increases the expression of NFkB and Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF), both of which activate pro-inflammatory cytokines

Intracellular TLRs (3 and 4) activates TRIF, which increases the expression of NFkB and Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF), both of which activate pro-inflammatory cytokines

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11
Q

What is the role of NOD-like receptors?

A

To form the inflammasome, which is used to activate caspase-1, which activates IL-1 and induce acute inflammation

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12
Q

How does inflammation occur without an infection or introduction of new bacteria?

A

Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) are released from damaged or dying cells

DAMPs activate the innate immune system by interacting with PRRs and activating NFkB.

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13
Q

What 3 ways do DAMPs activate NFkB?

A

High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1), which is released from necrotic cells and bind to TLR2 and TLR4 to activate NFkB

Uric acid from necrotic cells bind to NOD-like Receptor P3 (NLRP3), which activates NFkB

Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) are released from necrotic cells and bind to TLR2 and TLR4, which activates NFkB

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14
Q

All DAMPs stimulate the production and release of ___ and ____

A

TNF-alpha

IL-1

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15
Q

What are the 3 pathways of the complement system?

A

Alternative Pathway
Classical Pathway
Lectin Pathway

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16
Q

In individuals with acute and chronic inflammation, what 2 acute phase proteins are elevated?

A

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

Serum Amyloid A (SAA)

17
Q

How do neutrophils move into tissues from the blood?

A

Extracellular cells in the circulatory pathway that are activated express P-selectin and binds to E-selectin on adhesion molecules. This begins the rolling process.

LFA-1 and VLA-4 on the leukocyte bind to ICAM1 and VCAM1 on the activated endothelial cells, respectively. This begins the adhesion and transmigration process.

18
Q

How are Classically activated M1 Macrophages activated?

A

Binding of TLRs and IFN-y induce inflammation

19
Q

How are Alternatively activated M2 Macrophages activated?

A

M2 Macrophages are induced by IL-4 and IL-13 for tissue repair

20
Q

What does Superoxide dismutase breakdown?

A

Superoxide

21
Q

What breaks down Hydrogen Peroxide?

A

Catalase

22
Q

What kind of pathogen is inflammation not an efficient mechanism of defense?

A

Viruses

23
Q

What 2 signals mediate anti-viral innate immunity?

A

Type I Interferons- block viral replication within host cells

Natural Killer Cells- kill viral infected cells

24
Q

Describe the process of how NK cells kill infected cells?

A

NK cell releases PERFORINS, which form a hole in the viral infected cells

Granzymes from NK cell enters the perforin hole and activates apoptosis in virus infected cells

Cell dies by apoptosis

Macrophage engulfs the dying cell

25
Q

What are the 3 signals required in order to activate a lymphocyte?

A
  1. Recognition of Antigen by T lymphocytes
  2. APCs binding to the T cell
  3. Cytokines provide the final activation signal
26
Q

_____ is an important bridge between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

27
Q

Describe the process of how the innate immune system bridges to the adaptive immune system.

A

PRRs activate APCs

APCs process Ags and present them to naive T cells

Secreted cytokines assist the development and maturation of T cells

28
Q

Which TLRs have the ligand for gram positive LPS?

A

TLR1, 2, 6

29
Q

Which TLRs have the ligand for ds viral RNA?

A

TLR3

30
Q

Which TLRs have the ligand for gram negative LPS?

A

TLR4

31
Q

Which TLRs have the ligand for Unmethylated CpG DNA?

A

TLR9

ZZZGenetics/Immunology (14 decks)

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