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CSIM Immunology > Innate immunity > Flashcards

Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Innate barriers for skin

A 
Epithelial cells,
Flow of air,
Fatty acids,
Antibacterial peptides,
Normal flora
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2
Q

Innate barriers for gut

A 
Epithelial cells,
Flow of fluid,
low pH,
Pepsin enzyme,
Antibacterial peptides,
Normal flora
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3
Q

Innate barriers for lungs

A

Epithelial cells,

Mucus movement by cilia

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4
Q

Innate barriers for eyes/nose

A

Epithelial cells,
Tears,
Nasal cilia
Lysozyme in tears

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5
Q

How omega 3 fatty acids influence innate immunity

A

Reduce proinflammatory cytokine production, antidiabetic

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6
Q

How complex plant polysaccharides influence innate immunity

A

Tumour suppression, cytokine production, reduced oxidative DNA damage

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7
Q

What are phagocytes called in

  • blood
  • liver
  • skin
  • CNS
  • lung
A
  • blood: monocyte
  • liver: Kupffer cells
  • skin: Langerhans cells
  • CNS: microglial cells
  • lung: alveolar macrophage
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8
Q

How phagocytes distinguish self from non-self

A

PRR on phagocyte receptors recognise PAMPs

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9
Q

How phagocytes kill pathogens

A
  • Acidic environment
  • Respiratory burst
  • Contain lysosomes which destroy pathogen
  • Induce secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines
  • activated NFkB
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10
Q

What happens during respiratory burst

A
  • Activated NADPH converts O2 to superoxide O2-
  • O2s converted to H2O2 by superoxide dismutase
  • H2O2 converted to hypochlorite ions and hydroxyl radicals by peroxidase enzymes and iron
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11
Q

Function of NFkB

A

Controls DNA transcription, cytokine production, cell survival

Can be first responder to harmful cellular stimuli.

Regulates genes involved in innate and adaptive immune response: T cell development, maturation, proliferation

Induces secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines

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12
Q

What induces NFkB

A

Reactive oxygen species, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, ionising radiation, cocaine, etc

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13
Q

Which cytokines are secreted by macrophages

A

IL-1, 6, 8, 12, TNF-alpha

IL-1, 6 activate lymphocytes
IL-8 recruits neutrophils, basophils, T cells
IL-12 activates NK cells
TNF-alpha increases vascular permeability (also involved in shock)

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14
Q

What are toll-like receptors

A

Recognise patterns not found in vertebrates (characteristic components of pathogenic organisms)

Induce inflammatory cytokines

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15
Q

How long does innate immunity take to respond

A

Rapid: 0-4h

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16
Q

What activates and inhibits NK cells

A

Activation: not required

Inhibition: MHC-1 (often suppressed in virally infected or cancerous cells)

17
Q

How to NK cells kill virus-infected cells

A

They do not recognise specific Ag (no TCR/BCR equivalent)

Express Fc-gamma-RIII: receptor for IgG1 and IgG3 (on viral protein at cell suraces)

Fc-gamma-RIII binds to IgG through cross linking

Cell death through apoptosis (same mechanism as CD8 cells)

NK cells also secrete IFN-gamma, which activates macrophages. Macrophages secrete TNF-alpha and IL-12 which further promote action of NK cells

18
Q

List the phagocytes and where they are found

A

MACROPHAGES: in connective tissue e.g. GI tract, bronchi, liver, spleen

GRANULOCYTES: NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, BASOPHILS: not present in healthy tissue

DENDRITIC CELLS: present in healthy tissue in contact with external environment (skin, nose, lungs, stomach, intestines) + blood (immature in blood)

19
Q

What parts of innate and adaptive immunity are used against viruses

A

Innate:

  • interferon (inhibits virus replication, increases expression of MHC-1 and MHC-2)
  • NK cells (apoptosis)

Adaptive:

  • CD8 cells
  • Complement

Note: Ab are not so useful for defending bodies against viruses

20
Q

Functions of APCs (3 types of cells)

A

DC: activate T cells to move to site of infection. Constant updating of what’s happening at site of infection.

Macrophages: Restimulate activated T cells (T cells undergo apoptosis once stimulus is removed)

B cells: Express high levels of MHC to present antigen to T helper cells. High affinity for antigen due to somatic hypermutation

21
Q

Describe intrinsic cell death pathway

A

Mitochondria swell and leak, releasing cytochrome C.

Cytochrome C binds to Apaf-1

The resulting complex activates pro-caspase 9 and 3, which cleaves and releases CAD.

CAD enters nucleus and cleaves DNA

22
Q

Describe extrinsic cell death pathway

A

Fas ligand binds to and trimerises Fas.

Clustering of death domains in Fas cytoplasmic domains allows Fas to recruit FADD via its death domain.

Clustered death effector domains of FADD recruit pro-capsase 8.

23
Q

3 functions of inflammation

A
  1. Induce local blood clotting
  2. Recruit effector cells from blood into infection site
  3. Promote repair of injured tissue

CSIM Immunology (11 decks)

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