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Immunology Overview > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

0
Q

What do we have in our blood vessels? (3 items)

A
  1. Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  2. White blood cells (leukocytes)
  3. Proteins
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1
Q

Which 2 phagocytes do we have under our skin?

A

Mast cells and Dendritic cells

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2
Q

In our blood vessels we have leukocytes. These can be phagocytes such as which important type of leukocyte that is found here?

A

Monocytes

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3
Q

What important thing is included in the proteins in our blood vessels that helps the inflammatory response? Name the 3 most important variations of this…

A

Inflammatory mediators

  1. Arachidonic acid
  2. Kinin
  3. Plasmin
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4
Q

When a pathogen enters the skin, how does a mast cell recognise it?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMPs)

Never found in our body-always foreign

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5
Q

When a mast cell recognises a pathogen, what is its response and what two things does this response cause?

A

The mast cell releases granules containing histamine.
Histamine causes 1. Increased vascular permeability
2. Vasodilation

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6
Q

What are the two main types of phagocytes under our skin? For one of these answers, give the special cell type name.

A
  1. Macrophages

2. Dendritic cells: in particular Langerhan cells

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7
Q

Macrophages and langerhan cells (dendritic cells) are both what type of cells?

A

Antigen Presenting Cells

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8
Q

When Langerhan cells (dendritic cells) and macrophages detect pathogens via their PAMP’s, what do they secrete?

A

Cytokines

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9
Q

What are the 3 main roles of cytokines?

A
  1. Communicating with other cells
  2. Increases vascular permeability
  3. Attracts more immune cells to the area
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10
Q

An increase in vascular permeability allows which two cell types through the blood vessel wall?

A

Monocytes and neutrophils

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11
Q

When a monocytes leaves a blood vessel, what cell does it turn into?

A

Macrophage

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12
Q

Via which process do neutrophils leave the blood vessel wall?

A

Diapedesis

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13
Q

Macrophages do which process involving coating the pathogen so that phagocytes and other immune cells can recognise and eliminate it?

A

Opsonisation

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14
Q

Which two proteins in the blood vessel are responsible for the start of opsonisation?

A

Plasmins and kinins

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15
Q

Plasmins and kinins activate which proteins? What does this then initiate?

A

Complement proteins, initiating the complement cascade

16
Q

What are the two outcomes of initiating the complement cascade?

A
  1. Opsonise pathogen

2. Destroy pathogen by rupturing its membrane

17
Q

Briefly state how innate immunity recognises pathogens and how adaptive immunity recognises pathogens…

A

Innate recognition via PAMP (Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern)
Adaptive recognition via specific antigen of pathogen

18
Q

True or false: PAMP is normally found within the body

A

False

19
Q

Give 4 examples of PAMP’s…

A
  1. Lipopolysaccharides (LP’s)
  2. Lipoprotease
  3. Peptidoglycans
  4. Lipoteichoic acids (LTA’s)
20
Q

True or false: PAMP can be any part of a pathogen (eg. Cell wall, flagella, DNA, RNA, etc.)

A

True

21
Q

What do innate cells have that allow them to identify PAMP’s?

A

Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRR’s)

22
Q

What are the 3 types of Pathogen Recognition Receptors that trigger the immune response?

A
  1. Intracellular
  2. Extra cellular
  3. Secretory (cytoplasmic)
23
Q

What are the two ways that extra cellular PRR’s work and which receptors are involved in each?

A
  1. Pathogen engulfed, lysosomal content released, destroyed
    RECEPTOR: mannose & scavenger
  2. Signal to nucleus, release of cytokines/interferons
    RECEPTOR: toll-like
24
Q

What are the two ways intracellular PRR’s work and which receptor is involved?

A
  1. Release of cytokines/various chemokines
  2. Cell death (if it’s infected)
    RECEPTOR: nod-like
25
Q

What two things secrete the secreted PRR’s? The secreted PRR’s then go on to become part of a different system.

A

Liver and immune cells

26
Q

When the liver secretes complementary receptors, what is induced?

A

Complement cascade

Immunology Overview (7 decks)

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