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Immunology > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of innate immunity?

A

Epithelial barriers (defensins and cathelicidins), circulating and tissue cells, plasma proteins (complement, cytokines, etc)

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2
Q

What are defensins?

A

toxic cationic peptides

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3
Q

What are cathelicidins?

A

toxic, neutralizing proteins

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4
Q

What types of PAMPs are associated with viruses?

A

ssRNA, dsRNA, CpG sections in DNA

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5
Q

What types of PAMPs are associated with all bacteria?

A

Pilin, Flagellin and Mannan

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6
Q

What types of PAMPs are associated with gram-negative bacteria?

A

LPS, lipoteichoic acid

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7
Q

What types of PAMPs are associated with fungi?

A

Mannan and dectin glucans

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8
Q

What are toll-like receptors (TLR)?

A

PRRs that are embeded in the plasma membrane or endosomal membranes

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9
Q

Where is the TLR1-TLR2 heterodimer found and what does it recognise?

A

cell membrane; bacterial lipopeptides

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10
Q

Where is the TLR2 homodimer found and what does it recognise?

A

cell membrane; bacterial peptidoglycan

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11
Q

Where is the TLR4 homodimer found and what does it recognise?

A

cell membrane; LPS

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12
Q

Where is the TLR5 homodimer found and what does it recognise?

A

cell membrane; bacterial flagellin

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13
Q

Where is the TLR2-TLR6 heterodimer found and what does it recognise?

A

cell membrane; bacterial lipopeptides

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14
Q

Where is the TLR3 homodimer found and what does it recognise?

A

endosome membrane; dsRNA

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15
Q

Where is the TLR7 homodimer found and what does it recognise?

A

endosome membrane; ssRNA

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16
Q

Where is the TLR8 homodimer found and what does it recognise?

A

endosome membrane; ssRNA

17
Q

Where is the TLR9 homodimer found and what does it recognise?

A

endosome membrane; CpG DNA

18
Q

What is the recognition portion of the TLRs composed of?

A

Leucine rich repeat motifs

19
Q

Where are NOD-like receptors found and what do they recognise?

A

in the cytoplasm; bacterial components and damaged host cells

20
Q

Where are RIG-like receptors found and what do they recognise?

A

in the cytoplasm; viral RNA

21
Q

What is TIR?

A

Toll/IL-1 receptor. It transmits the signal when a TLR is activated

22
Q

What is NLRP3 Inflammasome?

A

NLRP3 + ASC + innactive caspase. Allows for the production of IL-1 beta, which causes accute inflammation

23
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

lymphocyte-like cells that recognise and directly kill infected, stressed or malignant cells and release inflammatory cytokines (especially IFN gamma)

24
Q

What is the inhibitory signal for NK cells?

A

Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIMs) recognise MCH class I

25
Q

What is the function of IFN gamma?

A

Activates macrophages

26
Q

What is the function of IL-15?

A

It is an NK cell growth factor

27
Q

What is the function of IL-12?

A

Is released by macrophages to stimulate NK cells to release IFN gamma

28
Q

What is the function of IFN alpha and beta?

A

stimulate NK cells to kill and activate

29
Q

How do NK cells kill?

A

They release perforin, which induces apoptosis

30
Q

What is Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) alpha?

A

produced by macrophages and induce inflammation

31
Q

How does IL-1 work?

A

Produced by macrophages and other cells after 2 signals. It is a strong inducer of inflammation

32
Q

What is the main function of TNF and IL-1?

A

Cell recruitment

33
Q

What are the three main functions of phagocytes?

A

To kill pathogens in their phagolysosome, tissue remodeling, and induce better adaptive immunity

34
Q

What are the three ways the innate system protects against infection?

A

Induce inflammation, induce anti-viral response, stimulate adaptive immunity

Immunology (11 decks)

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