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Innate Immunity Flashcards

phagocytosis, inflammation, physiological barriers

1
Q

What does PAMP stand for?

A

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

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2
Q

What does PRR stand for?

A

Pattern-Recognition Receptors

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3
Q

What are PAMS?

A

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
- exogenous structural elements (proteins, glycoproteins, etc.)
- located on the surface of the pathogen (bacteria, fungi, etc.)

wider than just antigen (UMBRELLA TERM!)

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4
Q

What are PRR’s?

A

Pattern-Recognition Receptors
- receptors of phagocytic cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, etc.)
- recognise PAMPs

wider than just antibodies (UMBRELLA TERM!)

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5
Q

What is innate immunity?

A
  • general response
  • non-specific to any pathogen
  • reaction which happens whenever the organism is infected/threatened

if it doesn’t work, then adaptive immunity (cell mediated immunity) act.

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6
Q

State examples of innate immunity.

A
  • inflammation

does not qualify:
- skin (physical barrier)
- physiological barrier
- chemical barriers

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7
Q

Is inflammation good or bad?

A

both!
- destructive to organism tissues
- helps the organism fight the infection

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8
Q

What are the types of PRRs?

A
  • Soluble – Collectins, Ficolins, Pentraxins
  • Cytoplasmic – Rig-1, Peptidoglycan receptors
  • Within vesicles – TLR 3, 7, 8, 9
  • Membrane bound – TLRs, Integrins, Lectins
    – Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) – receptors that
    recognize structural elements of microorganisms
    (PAMPs)
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9
Q

What is the PAMP similar to?

A

antigen!
- stimulates the antibody response

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10
Q

What is the PRRs similar to?

A

antibody

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11
Q

What are the soluble types of PRR’s?

A

Collectins,
Ficolins,
Pentraxi

X

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12
Q

What are the cytoplasmic types of PRR’s?

A

Rig-1,
Peptidoglycan receptors

X

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13
Q

What are the ‘within vessicles’ types of PRR’s?

A

TLR 3, 7, 8, 9

X

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14
Q

What are the ‘membrane bound’ types of PRR’s?

A
  • Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) – receptors that
    recognize structural elements of microorganisms
    (PAMPs),
  • Integrins,
  • Lectins

X

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15
Q

What cells harbor TLRs on their surfaces?

A

TLR= toll-like recetors
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
- mast cells

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16
Q

What should the TLR interact with to result in cell activation?

A

its ligand (PAMP)

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17
Q

What happens when TLR and its ligand (PAMP) interact?

A

cell activation

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18
Q

What are DAMPs?

A

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns:
- structural elements forming after a cell is damaged

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19
Q

What does ‘DAMP’ stand for?

A

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns

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20
Q

What are DAMPs recognised by?

A

sentinel cell surface:
- TLR4 receptors
- TLR2 receptors

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21
Q

What do PAMPs allow for?

A
  • allow the innate immune system to know when it should be activated
  • signals the immune system about the ‘enemy’ to start fighting
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22
Q

What happens when PAMPs connect with PRRs?

A

cell activation!
- cells begin to be primed for action and to preform their function

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23
Q

What happens when TRLs interacts with DAMPs?

A

cell activation!

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24
Q

Can PRRs receptors be reffered to as TLRs?

A

yes, TRL’s are such a big part of them.

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25
What does the interaction between PRRs and their ligands result in?
the synthesis of **Proinflammatory Mediators**: – Cytokines TNFα, IL-1 and IL-6 – Nitrous Oxide (NO) – Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
26
What are: Cytokines TNFα, IL-1 and IL-6, Nitrous Oxide (NO), Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes; classified as?
Proinflammatory Mediators
27
What are sentinel cells? What do they possess?
- cells that 'scan/scout' something (a threat which has breached a barrier) - harbor TLRs on their surface - signal other cells to move in and activate
28
State the different sentinel cells?
- macrophages - monocytes - dendritic cells - mast cells
29
What do Proinflammatory Mediators trigger upon reaching the brain? Which part of the brain?
- brain=hypothalamus - trigger **sickness behavior** (Acute-Phase Response)
30
What is an inflammation?
non-specific defensive response to lesions and pathogenic factors
31
What do inflammations trigger?
phagocyte aggregation at lesion sites: - fibrin - local fever - vasodilation
32
What is the function of fibrin?
- restricts movement of microorganisms (into the wound, but also around the wound)
33
What is the main differnce between PAMPs and DAMPs?
**LOCATION**! PAMPs- enter the organism from the **outside** (eg. bacteria enters the organism from somewhere) DAMPs- arise from the **inside**: within the organism itself!
34
What is the purpose of a local fever?
restricts the division of microorganisms
35
Are DAMPs always present?
- always present WITHIN the cell - as long as the cell membrane is in tact, the immune cells will not interact with the DAMPs
36
When do DAMPs become 'important'?
when the cell membrane is damaged, the cell contents begin to spill out.
37
What is the function of vasodilation?
allows for easier access to lesion site by cells and proinflammatory molecules
38
What are the 5 clinical signs of inflammation?
* Redness (rubor) (more blood reaching the area) * Swelling (tumor) (vasodilation and increased cell permeability (more blood in surrounding tissue)) * Fever (calor) (decreases replication rate of bacteria) * Pain (dolor) (nerve endings will signal to prevent further infection) * Loss of function (functio laesa) (no further damage to specific location)
39
What cells reach the site of inflammation first?
neutrophils
40
What are the functions of neutrophils?
- phagocytosis, - release of cytokines, - release of chemokines (attraction of other cells to inflammation site)
41
What is the function of chemokines?
attraction of other cells to inflammation site
42
What are neutrophils activated by?
- TNFα, - chemokine CXCL8 - chemokine C5a
43
What is the primary thing that DAMPs do?
Activate microphages which will digest the 'damaged' parts of the cells to allow for regeneration and the coming of new cells.
44
How do neutrophils work? How do they move?
* Neutrophils **roll** along the surface of blood vessel endothelium * (stop rolling when the concentration of phagocytes gets largest aka. point of infection) * Neutrophils **halt** at the site of inflammation and **penetrate** intracellular gaps
45
What are the two main parts of phagocytosis?
- the respiratory burst - lytic enzymes
46
What occurs at the respiratory burst?
Nitrous Oxide (NO) + Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
47
State examples of lytic enzymes.
- lysosomal enzymes, - proteases, - acid hydrolase, - myeloperoxidase
48
What are cytokines?
chemicals unique to immune cells: - trigger the immune response
49
What are the important types of cytokines?
- TNFα, - IL-1 - IL-6 | IL- interleukin TNF- tumor necrosis factor
50
What cells create the seconary line of defence? When do they act?
macrophages - reach the site of inflammation after neutrophils
51
What are the functions of macrophages?
- inflammation induction and regulation, - phagocytosis, - dead and damaged cell elimination, - regeneration
52
What happens when PRRs bind with their ligand?
the inflammation response is mediated
53
What is M1? Examples? Functions?
Macrophage 1: Examples: - cytokine - nitrous oxide (NO) Functions: - synthesis; - phagocytosis - destruction of pathogens
54
What is M2? Examples? Functions?
Macrophage 2: Example: - cytokine - not nitrous oxide! Function: - synthesis; - regeneration, - blood vessel (capillary) formation - healing.
55
What is the acute-phase response? When does it occur?
- occur after the activation of sentinel cells - production of proinflammatory mediators
56
What do prostaglandins and leukotrienes do upon reaching the brain?
reach the hypothalamus they trigger sickness behaviour! (eg. regulates blood pressure, regulated temperature, sweating, vasodilation, shivering, behavioural changes (motivation to seek shelter/warmth/shade/hydrate))
57
What is a fever directly related to?
the interaction between prostaglandings and leukotrienes (released by sentinel cells) and the hypothalamus
58
What are the proinflammatory mediators?
- histamine - serotonin - anaphylatoxins - prostaglandins - leukotrienes - PAFs - cytokines - chemokines - NO - oxidative substances
59
What is the function of histamine and serotonin?
- vasodilation - vascular permeability
60
What is the function of Anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a)?
- vasodilation, - vascular permeability, - chemotaxis
61
What is the function of Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes?
- vasodilation, - vascular permeability, - bronchial spasms, - sickness behavior
62
What is the function of PAFs? What does it stand for?
Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF): - vasodilation, - vascular permeability, - leukocyte adhesion, - chemotaxis
63
What is the function of Cytokines? State examples?
Examples: - IL-6, - IL-1, - TNF Function: - acute phase response, - signs of inflammation
64
What is the function of chemokines? Example?
Example: - CXCL8 Function: - chemotaxis
65
What is the function of Nitrous oxide?
phagocytosis
66
What are acute phase proteins?
proteins ehose production is elevated in the liver
67
What do cytokines trigger?
elevated protein production in the liver
68
What is the function of heptaglobins?
ability to bind iron resulting in inhibition of bacterial division
69
What are the acute phase proteins?
- Haptoglobin - Components of the Complement System - Coagulation factors
70
What are liver macrophages? Other name? What is their function?
Kupffer cells! - primary cells responsible for total antigen elimination; - destroys neutrophils after phagocytosis
71
What are the primary cells responsible for total antigen elimination?
kupffer cells (liver macrophages)
72
Where are free bacterial antigens circulating in blood primarily destroyed in?
- lungs (by alveolar macrophages) - spleen
73
What are the non-specific defence mechanisms?
- physical barriers - chemical barriers - biological barriers
74
State the different physical barriers.
- epithelium of the skin - epithelium of the mucosa
75
State the different chemical barriers.
- lactic and fatty acids produced by sebaceous and sweat glands (pH < 6); - bacteriocidic **Lysozyme**, - **Beta-Lysine**, - **Properdin** produced in mucosa; - gastric acid, pancreatic and bile enzymes
76
State the different biological barriers. What is their function?
- native symbiotic microorganisms - able to produce bacteriocidic substances and rivalry with pathogenic microorganisms for nutrients
77
What are chemokines? A subset of what?
cytokines

Immunology (10 decks)

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