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m2 ca1 > Innate immunity > Flashcards

Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Function of defensin proteins

A

Penetrate microbial membranes, form pores and kill the pathogens.
Found in macrophages, dendritic cell, neutrophil & epithelial cells.

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2
Q

Function of basophils

A

Allergic rxn (with mast cells & eosinophils)

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3
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

Fight parasites/allergies/cancer

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4
Q

Function of neutrophils

A
  • most abundant immune cell
  • first leukocyte to enter infected site
  • survive for 48h only
  • phagocytosis & kill microbes like macrophages
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5
Q

What happens to an immune cell when its receptor binds and is activated?

A
  1. Production of pro-inflammatory molecules (eg. cytokines)
  2. Upregulation of adhesion molecules on endothelium
  3. Induce migration of immune cells to infected sites
  4. Promote immune cells effector differentiation
  5. Production of Type I interferons (INFalpha & beta)
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6
Q

What are the principal barriers of innate immunity?

A
  1. Skin: low pH, high salt conc, defensins, IgA in sweat
  2. Mucosal membrane: blockage of attachment sites
  3. Airway: muco-ciliary escalator, cough reflex
  4. Tears & saliva: Lysozymes
  5. Gut: Acidic
  6. Hollow tubes with unidirectional movement
  7. Normal flora: prevents attachment, compete nutrients
  8. Flushing of urinary react (residual urine inc infections)
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7
Q

What increases activity of NK cells?

A
  1. Interferons
  2. Macophages/dendritic cell-derived cytokines
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8
Q

What are the hallmarks of inflammation

A

Pain, swelling, redness, warmth

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9
Q

Does innate immune system differentiate self vs foreign proteins?

A

Yes! PAMPs & DAMPs

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10
Q

What is PAMPs

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
- eg. LPS on bacteria

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11
Q

What is DAMPs

A

Danger associated molecular patterns
- eg. chromatin from damaged cells

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12
Q

How is complement system activated?

A
  1. Classical way: binding of IgM/G with antigen to C1
  2. Alternative: spontaneous C3 hydrolysis (continuously activated at low levels)
  3. Lectin: lectin receptors bind to mannose on pathogen’s surface -> activate C2 & C4
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13
Q

How does complement system work?

A
  1. Opsonisation (C3b)
  2. Cytotoxic MAC (C5-9)
  3. Recruitment of more leukocytes via histamine release from mast cells (C3a, C5a)
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14
Q

What is the complement system?

A

Proteins C1-C20

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15
Q

Which cells make Type I interferons?

A

Made by all nucleated cells that “sense” the presence of viral pathogens inside them

woah witchcraft lol

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16
Q

Functions of Type I INF?

A
  1. Induce resistance to viral replication
  2. Increase MHC Class I expression & antigen presentation
  3. Activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells

*used against viral infections: Hep B, C, Rhinovirus

17
Q

Function of dendritic cells

A
  1. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of antigens
  2. Migrates from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes via afferent lymphatics
  3. Mature DC in deep cortex interacting with naive lymphocytes
18
Q

What does TLR-4 detect?

A

LPS on Gram -ve bacteria

19
Q

What does TLR-2 detect?

A

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) on Gram +ve bacteria

20
Q

Which TLRs recognise RNA viruses?

A

TLR 3,7,8

21
Q

Which TLRs recognise DNA viruses?

A

TLR 3,9

22
Q

What are the TLRs on macrophages & dendritic cells?

A

1-9

23
Q

What are the TLRs on neutrophils?

A

1-5

24
Q

Which TLRs bind to yeast?

A

TLRs 2,6

m2 ca1 (3 decks)

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