Innate Immunity

Question 1

What is innate immunity?

Answer 1

Non-specific response to pathogens that don’t distinguish one pathogen from the other; rather attempts to block them all

Question 2

What are the three different types of innate immunity?

Answer 2

Physical barriers, chemical barriers, and cellular defenses

Question 3

What are types of physical barriers?

Answer 3

Skin
Mucus membranes
Chemical secretions
Micro biome
Mechanical actions

Question 4

How does the top layer of skin prevent viral infection?

Answer 4

The top layer of the skin is dead and viruses need living cells in order to reproduce

Question 5

What pH level do sebaceous glands keep the skin at?

Answer 5

3-5 (acidic)

Question 6

What does the dryness of the skin do?

Answer 6

The waterproof barrier of the skin inhibits growth of many types of bacteria

Question 7

What do skin’s tight junctions do?

Answer 7

Adhere to the cells tightly and densely so pathogens can’t squeeze through the body

Question 8

Where can mucous membranes be found?

Answer 8

Eyes, ears, inside the nose and mouth, lips, vagina, urethral opening, and the anus

Question 9

How does the mucous membrane help the immune system?

Answer 9

Cells create a sticky mucous that traps particles before they can go deeper into the body

Question 10

What are types of mechanical actions that remove pathogens from the body?

Answer 10

Shedding of skin cells
Mucociliary sweeping
Coughing
Vomiting and Diarrhea
Flushing of Bodily fluids (urine, tears)

Question 11

What are internal defenses of the innate immune system?

Answer 11

Phagocytic white blood cells
Blood clotting
Fever
Inflammation

Question 12

What is the 1st line of defense of the innate immune system?

Answer 12

Physical barriers (skin and mucous membranes)

Question 13

What is the 2nd line of defense of the innate immune system?

Answer 13

Internal defenses

Question 14

What are the functions of phagocytic leukocytes?

Answer 14

Engulf and digest non-human material
Display molecules from the antigens on their cell surface
Release chemicals that summon more leukocytes to the scene

Question 15

What is extravasation?

Answer 15

When phagocytic leukocytes circulate into the blood and move into the body tissue in response to infection

Question 16

What is an example of a chemical damaged tissue releases in order to draw white blood cells to the site of infection?

Answer 16

Histamine

Question 17

What is the migration of white blood cells to the site of an infection called?

Answer 17

Chemotaxis

Question 18

What are psuedopodia?

Answer 18

Pseudopodia are temporary cytoplasm-filled projections found in white blood cells that help capture pathogens by phagocytosis

Question 19

What is the internal vesicle pf a phagocyte called?

Answer 19

Phagosome

Question 20

What happens when a phagosome is fused to a lysosome?

Answer 20

Forms a phagolysosome that digests the pathogen

Question 21

What are pathogenic fragments called?

Answer 21

Antigens

Question 22

What stimulates the third line of defense?

Answer 22

Antigens that may be present on the surface of the phagocyte

Question 23

What are the 6 steps of Leukocyte Phagocytosis?

Answer 23

Chemotaxis
Recognition and Attachment
Endocytosis
Bacteria within a phagocytic vacuole
Fusion of lysosomes and phagocytic vacuole
Killing and digestion

Question 24

What is the function of a fever?

Answer 24

To accelerate tissue metabolism and immune defense activity

Question 25

What are the benefits of a fever?

Answer 25

Increase the production of T-cells
Speed up rate of tissue repair
Increase in heart rate-> faster chemotaxis

Question 26

What are mast cells?

Answer 26

Localized white blood cells that can be activated to release a wide variety of inflammatory mediators

Question 27

What are basophils?

Answer 27

a type of white blood cell that circulates throughout the body to defend your body from allergens, pathogens and parasites

Question 28

What chemical is released by mast cells and basophils when tissue damage occurs?

Answer 28

Histamine

Question 29

How does histamine help leukocytes get to a certain region?

Answer 29

Causes local vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Question 30

What are chemotactic factors?

Answer 30

mediators released by damaged cells that induce unidirectional leukocyte movement by establishing a concentration gradient of the chemotactic factor that increases toward an area of inflammation

Question 31

What causes fluid release into tissues?

Answer 31

Increased permeability

Question 32

How are histamines produced?

Answer 32

B lymphocyte comes into contact with the allergen
B cell differentiates into plasma cells and makes antibodies
Antibodies attach and activate mast cells
Histamine is released, which triggers inflammatory response

Question 33

Why does one get allergy symptoms?

Answer 33

Histamine binds to other receptors in the body causing allergy symptoms

Question 34

What are the two key components of a blood clot?

Answer 34

Platelets and insoluble fibrin strands

Question 35

What is the function of clotting factors?

Answer 35

To trigger a chemical cascade which results in blood clotting

Question 36

What are the steps of blood clotting?

Answer 36

Clotting factors stimulate thrombin release
Thrombin catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
Fibrin forms a mech trap to prevent bleeding
The initial stimulus is amplified to make more thrombin
Exposure to air creates a scab

Question 37

What changes soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin?

Answer 37

An enzyme named thrombin

Question 38

What is coronary thrombosis?

Answer 38

The formation of a clot within the coronary arteries

Question 39

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 39

Atheromas develop in the arteries and significantly reduce the the diameter of the lumen
Restricted blood flow increases pressure leading to damage
Repaired with fibrous tissue, making the wall lose elasticity
Lesions form called atherosclerotic plaques
Plaque ruptures causing blood clotting
Thrombus dislodges and creates a coronary thrombosis